Different standards
Communicating dates
Times
Temperatures
Addresses
United States uses month/day/year format
Rest of world uses day/month/year
Different standards very costly
NASA lost spacecraft because of measurement unit discrepancy
European Article Number (EAN): barcode that includes an extra number to identify country
Universal Product Code (UPC): American standard without last extra number
Uniform Code Council (UCC): promoted use of European standard
Companies must adapt ISs to de facto (formal) standards
Global Trade Item Numbers (GTINs): large enough to identify much larger set of items
Support global supply chains
Major push for using RFID tags
Legal Barriers
Countries have different laws
Affects global business in general
Poses challenges
International transfer of data
Free speech
Location of legal proceedings
Privacy laws
Respect for privacy in international business is unresolved challenge
Majority of democratic nations protect individual privacy
Laws reflect difference in approach to issue of privacy
Data protection laws described by three criteria
Apply to private or public sector
Manual or automated data
Concern human beings or legal entities
US privacy laws
Both public and private
Mostly encompass manual and computerized
European Union practices may conflict with U.S. practices
Personal data collected only for specified purposes
Personal data must be given consent to be processed
Collecting organizations must identify themselves
People have right to object to processing of personal data
American companies busy collecting data for marketing
Discrepancy between European and American approaches prevents unrestricted flow of information
EU directive just a framework
Safe Harbor: arrangement for U.S. companies complying with EU directive to trade
Applicable law
Free speech laws different in other countries
Impacts what can or cannot be displayed online
Other laws
Gambling
Auctioning
Sale of alcohol and drugs
Different global regions require policies for work and information systems
Teleconferencing available most of day
Sometimes 24 hours per day
Allow employees from different time zones to discuss problems
Teams in support centers may work shifts
Managers must be aware of incorrect time stamping
Systems at both locations can be designed to record local times of both locations
Or record single time (company headquarters)
Companies using Web for business must accommodate non-English speaking audiences
Companies must tailor to local preferences
Must be aware of cultural differences and payment preferences
Tariff and legal issues
Linguistic, cultural, economic, and political challenges must be addressed
Laws governing collection of data in United States and European Union are different
Incompatible data privacy laws
Restricted flow of personal data between United States and EU
Safe Harbor arrangement enables EU to do business with US
Old legal approach of territorial jurisdiction inadequate
Too much information communicated and business conducted on Internet
Free speech and consumer litigation of e-tailers brought need for legal reform for cyberspace
Information
Custom Search
Differences in Payment Mechanisms
commerce allows easy payment for online purchases
Credit cards preferred payment method in North America
Not all countries adopt this preference
Japanese avoid using credit cards
Language and Cultural Differences
International parties must agree on common language
Data not transmittable internationally because information must be translated
English considered de facto international language
Largest companies translate Web sites into local languages
Different countries vary
Tastes
Gestures
Treatment of people
Ethical issues
Conservative groups against “Americanization”
Web designers must be sensitive to cultural differences
Conflicting Economic, Scientific, and Security Interests
Goal of corporate management
Seize large market share
Maximize organization profits
Scientific information important national resource
Occasionally interests conflict
Weapons manufacturers have technical drawings
Valuable to both company and security of country
Governments may not allow exchange of weapon designs
PGP encryption application was opposed by government
Thought to compromise national security
Credit cards preferred payment method in North America
Not all countries adopt this preference
Japanese avoid using credit cards
Language and Cultural Differences
International parties must agree on common language
Data not transmittable internationally because information must be translated
English considered de facto international language
Largest companies translate Web sites into local languages
Different countries vary
Tastes
Gestures
Treatment of people
Ethical issues
Conservative groups against “Americanization”
Web designers must be sensitive to cultural differences
Conflicting Economic, Scientific, and Security Interests
Goal of corporate management
Seize large market share
Maximize organization profits
Scientific information important national resource
Occasionally interests conflict
Weapons manufacturers have technical drawings
Valuable to both company and security of country
Governments may not allow exchange of weapon designs
PGP encryption application was opposed by government
Thought to compromise national security
Technological Challenges
Not all countries have adequate information technology infrastructures
Unable to build international IS
Broadband communication lines needed
Can offer two versions of Websites to compensate for slower bandwidth
Language is technological challenge
Eight-bit bytes not sufficient for languages with large character sets
Unicode allows for 65,536 characters
Must coordinate with databases and applications
Telephone numbers different in different countries
Regulations and Tariffs
Countries have different importing regulations
Executives reluctant because of hassles
Comply with laws of destination countries
NextLinx help importers and exporters for Web commerce
Unable to build international IS
Broadband communication lines needed
Can offer two versions of Websites to compensate for slower bandwidth
Language is technological challenge
Eight-bit bytes not sufficient for languages with large character sets
Unicode allows for 65,536 characters
Must coordinate with databases and applications
Telephone numbers different in different countries
Regulations and Tariffs
Countries have different importing regulations
Executives reluctant because of hassles
Comply with laws of destination countries
NextLinx help importers and exporters for Web commerce
Challenges of Global Information Systems
Increasing number of corporations becoming multinational
Global information system: serves organizations in multiple countries
Used by multinational corporations
Overseas operations must abide by local laws
Web became important vehicle for B2B and B2C commerce
Ratio of non-English speakers to English speakers growing
Internet opens enormous global opportunities
Chinese market expected to be largest in future
Web offers opportunities to save on costs
Manuals prepared with animation
Presented in many languages
Global businesses must be sensitive to audiences
Glocalization: design global sites to cater to local needs
McDonalds menu changes to appeal to local palates
International companies “think globally, act locally”
Be sensitive to regional customs
Control must be decentralized
Strategic planning should be global
Can be followed with local flavor
Global information systems face challenges
Technological barriers
Regulations and tariffs
Electronic payment mechanisms
Different language and culture
Economic and political considerations
Different measurement standards
Legal barriers
Global information system: serves organizations in multiple countries
Used by multinational corporations
Overseas operations must abide by local laws
Web became important vehicle for B2B and B2C commerce
Ratio of non-English speakers to English speakers growing
Internet opens enormous global opportunities
Chinese market expected to be largest in future
Web offers opportunities to save on costs
Manuals prepared with animation
Presented in many languages
Global businesses must be sensitive to audiences
Glocalization: design global sites to cater to local needs
McDonalds menu changes to appeal to local palates
International companies “think globally, act locally”
Be sensitive to regional customs
Control must be decentralized
Strategic planning should be global
Can be followed with local flavor
Global information systems face challenges
Technological barriers
Regulations and tariffs
Electronic payment mechanisms
Different language and culture
Economic and political considerations
Different measurement standards
Legal barriers
Rules for Successful Web-based Business
Business success depends on availability and use of software
Several elements to consider to support B2C commerce
Target customers needing products and services
Most important effort of marketing
Affects blogs and podcasting
Capture the Customer’s Total Experience
Use cookies
Record shopper movements
CRM software creates profiles
Shopper experience becomes asset of business
Tailor Web page to individual customers
Personalize the Service
CRM software and Web page customization software combined
Personalize Web pages
Select type of e-mail content
Respect of privacy issue
Allow customer to tailor products
Be Proactive and De-Commoditize
Prompt e-mail replies expected
Proactive alerts expected
Must take initiatives to de-commoditize products
Commodity: product sold at roughly same price by many vendors
Addition of features prevents product from becoming commodity
Difficult to identify business activities on Internet
Web has been integrated into daily activities
Commerce and E-commerce generally the same thing
Some industries changed drastically because of Web
HTTP is Internet standard controlling Web server addresses
HTTPS has security features
Cookies help store state information about surfer
Many Web technologies are proprietary
Business can maintain its own server or use Web hosting services
Organizations should consider several factors when selecting Web host
Web-enabled commerce classified into B2B and B2C
B2B trading relies on electronic data interchange (EDI) and XML
Wireless handheld computers allow mobile commerce
Online businesses must adhere to several factors to be successful
Spam and spyware are online annoyances
Phishing is a pervasive fraud crime
Several elements to consider to support B2C commerce
Target customers needing products and services
Most important effort of marketing
Affects blogs and podcasting
Capture the Customer’s Total Experience
Use cookies
Record shopper movements
CRM software creates profiles
Shopper experience becomes asset of business
Tailor Web page to individual customers
Personalize the Service
CRM software and Web page customization software combined
Personalize Web pages
Select type of e-mail content
Respect of privacy issue
Allow customer to tailor products
Be Proactive and De-Commoditize
Prompt e-mail replies expected
Proactive alerts expected
Must take initiatives to de-commoditize products
Commodity: product sold at roughly same price by many vendors
Addition of features prevents product from becoming commodity
Difficult to identify business activities on Internet
Web has been integrated into daily activities
Commerce and E-commerce generally the same thing
Some industries changed drastically because of Web
HTTP is Internet standard controlling Web server addresses
HTTPS has security features
Cookies help store state information about surfer
Many Web technologies are proprietary
Business can maintain its own server or use Web hosting services
Organizations should consider several factors when selecting Web host
Web-enabled commerce classified into B2B and B2C
B2B trading relies on electronic data interchange (EDI) and XML
Wireless handheld computers allow mobile commerce
Online businesses must adhere to several factors to be successful
Spam and spyware are online annoyances
Phishing is a pervasive fraud crime
Considerations in Selecting a Web Host
Hosts compared using point system
Host should allow DBMS
Dynamic Web pages: enable communication between browser and database
Storage space factor
Technical support
Fees for Web traffic
Scalability
Factors to consider when selecting Web host
Help with page design
Security
Availability
Minimize downtime
Cost
Setup fee
Monthly fee
Several elements essential to business
Inquiry interface
Connected to database
Credit-card application
Verifies authenticity
Order-fulfillment system
Web-enabled business classified according to interacting parties
Business-to-business
Business-to-consumer
Government-to-business
Government-to-consumer
B2B forms
Advertising
Search engines: advertise through search site
Banners: images placed on Web site
Impression: page with banner downloaded
Reach percentage: percentage of Web users who visited site
Exchanges and auctions
Act as online marketplace
Online business alliances: collaboration between businesses
E-Tailing
Shopping on the Web
Fulfillment activities
Picking
Packing
Shipping
Consumer profiling: know customers better
Conversion rate: proportion of site visitors who make purchase
Auctions and reverse auctions
Site serves as auction hub
Name your own price at reverse auction
Content providers
Information
Art
Classified Ads
Bill presentment and payment
Phishing: type of fraud
Dispersed workforce
Purchase labor from larger pool
M-commerce
Business conducted on mobile devices
Supply chain management on Web
Extensive use of XML
Set standards for data formats
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) system used prior to Web
Suppliers can join company extranets
Host should allow DBMS
Dynamic Web pages: enable communication between browser and database
Storage space factor
Technical support
Fees for Web traffic
Scalability
Factors to consider when selecting Web host
Help with page design
Security
Availability
Minimize downtime
Cost
Setup fee
Monthly fee
Several elements essential to business
Inquiry interface
Connected to database
Credit-card application
Verifies authenticity
Order-fulfillment system
Web-enabled business classified according to interacting parties
Business-to-business
Business-to-consumer
Government-to-business
Government-to-consumer
B2B forms
Advertising
Search engines: advertise through search site
Banners: images placed on Web site
Impression: page with banner downloaded
Reach percentage: percentage of Web users who visited site
Exchanges and auctions
Act as online marketplace
Online business alliances: collaboration between businesses
E-Tailing
Shopping on the Web
Fulfillment activities
Picking
Packing
Shipping
Consumer profiling: know customers better
Conversion rate: proportion of site visitors who make purchase
Auctions and reverse auctions
Site serves as auction hub
Name your own price at reverse auction
Content providers
Information
Art
Classified Ads
Bill presentment and payment
Phishing: type of fraud
Dispersed workforce
Purchase labor from larger pool
M-commerce
Business conducted on mobile devices
Supply chain management on Web
Extensive use of XML
Set standards for data formats
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) system used prior to Web
Suppliers can join company extranets
Owning and Maintaining a Server
Maintaining server is costly option
Greatest degree of control
Requires expertise to set up
Load balancing: transfer data from busy server to less busy server
Mirrors: servers with duplicated content
Pure-play: entire business online
Brick-and-mortar: owns physical stores
Web hosting: Web server managing service
Shared hosting: store client Web site on same physical server as other clients
Virtual private hosting: simulate single server
Dedicated hosting: own entire physical server
Co-location: server co-located with other clients and host
Greatest degree of control
Requires expertise to set up
Load balancing: transfer data from busy server to less busy server
Mirrors: servers with duplicated content
Pure-play: entire business online
Brick-and-mortar: owns physical stores
Web hosting: Web server managing service
Shared hosting: store client Web site on same physical server as other clients
Virtual private hosting: simulate single server
Dedicated hosting: own entire physical server
Co-location: server co-located with other clients and host
The Web-Enabled Enterprise
Blockbuster faced competition from Netflix and Walmart.com
Online rentals
E-commerce bandwagon
Digitized movies in the future
Download movie to PC
Several standards standards and technologies enable the Web to deliver rich information
HTTP, HTML, XML
File Transfer
RSS
Blogs
Podcasting
IM
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): transfer and download Web information
HTTPS: HTTP secure
Uniform Resource Locator (URL): unique address given to each Web server
IP address
Domain name: constructed with letters
URL also refers to the domain name
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): helps developer create Web pages
Determines look and location of content
Extensible Markup Language (XML): enables creation of various data types
XHTML: combination of XML and HTML
File Transfer Protocol (FTP): transmit whole files
Used in all downloads
Any type of file
Place file on server for shared use
Post sold products on Web sites
Really Simple Syndication (RSS): family of XML file formats
Helps users check updates
Communicates short descriptions of content
Allows transmittal of new info
Useful on news Websites
Blog: contraction of Web log
Invites surfers to post opinions and art
Focuses on topic or set of topics
Trackback notifies bloggers about updates to post usage on Web
Used by business
Podcast: publishing sound
Usually voice
Post digital audio file on site
Listen to radio show anytime
Garageband.com
Allows aspiring musicians to post tracks
Instant messaging (IM): real-time chat
Synchronized e-mail
Chat with group is known as chat room
Free applications
AOL instant Messenger
Yahoo Messenger
MSN Messenger
In business
Chat with sales representative
Cookie: file that remembers information about surfer
Record surfer ID
Figures out preferences
Provides convenience to consumers
Temporary cookies installed for single session
Allows for intrusion into privacy
Clickstream tracking: track clicking activities
Spyware: trace and report online behavior
Proprietary Technology: intellectual property of developer
Local search engine
Shopping cart applications
Wish lists
Web site: Web pages that make up information and links
Needs Internet server
Computer connected to Internet backbone
Business can
Install own server
Contract server
Online rentals
E-commerce bandwagon
Digitized movies in the future
Download movie to PC
Several standards standards and technologies enable the Web to deliver rich information
HTTP, HTML, XML
File Transfer
RSS
Blogs
Podcasting
IM
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): transfer and download Web information
HTTPS: HTTP secure
Uniform Resource Locator (URL): unique address given to each Web server
IP address
Domain name: constructed with letters
URL also refers to the domain name
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): helps developer create Web pages
Determines look and location of content
Extensible Markup Language (XML): enables creation of various data types
XHTML: combination of XML and HTML
File Transfer Protocol (FTP): transmit whole files
Used in all downloads
Any type of file
Place file on server for shared use
Post sold products on Web sites
Really Simple Syndication (RSS): family of XML file formats
Helps users check updates
Communicates short descriptions of content
Allows transmittal of new info
Useful on news Websites
Blog: contraction of Web log
Invites surfers to post opinions and art
Focuses on topic or set of topics
Trackback notifies bloggers about updates to post usage on Web
Used by business
Podcast: publishing sound
Usually voice
Post digital audio file on site
Listen to radio show anytime
Garageband.com
Allows aspiring musicians to post tracks
Instant messaging (IM): real-time chat
Synchronized e-mail
Chat with group is known as chat room
Free applications
AOL instant Messenger
Yahoo Messenger
MSN Messenger
In business
Chat with sales representative
Cookie: file that remembers information about surfer
Record surfer ID
Figures out preferences
Provides convenience to consumers
Temporary cookies installed for single session
Allows for intrusion into privacy
Clickstream tracking: track clicking activities
Spyware: trace and report online behavior
Proprietary Technology: intellectual property of developer
Local search engine
Shopping cart applications
Wish lists
Web site: Web pages that make up information and links
Needs Internet server
Computer connected to Internet backbone
Business can
Install own server
Contract server
Hardware Components
Hardware: physical computer components
Consider software before hardware
Computer must handle four operations
Accept data
Store data
Process data
Output data
Input devices: receive signals from outside of computer and transfer them into computer
Central processing unit
Accepts instructions and data
Decodes and executes instructions
Stores output in memory
Internal memory: stores data and instructions before and after CPU processes them
RAM: random access memory
ROM: read-only memory
Motherboard: CPU and primary memory reside
External Memory: magnetic disks, magnetic tapes, optical discs, DVDs, and flash memory
Allows permanent storage
Output devices: deliver information from computer to person
Most commonly monitors and printers
Includes audio devices
Bit: Binary digit
0 or 1
Byte: a standard group of eight bits
Most characters represented by single byte
Computers vary in size
Classified by power
Depends on processing speed and memory size
More powerful computers are more expensive
Supercomputers: most powerful computer at any given time
Largest in physical size and most expensive
Parallel processing: multiple processors running simultaneously
Also known as multiprocessing
Mainframe computers: store large amounts of data and business transactions
Less expensive and less powerful than supercomputers
Banks, universities, and insurance companies use them as a central computer
40-50% of world’s business data resides on mainframes
Use multiple processors
Midrange computers: often act as servers within organizations or through the Internet
Smaller and less powerful than mainframes
Serves hundred of users that connect from personal computers
Use multiple processors
Microcomputers: personal computers, notebook computers, and handhelds
Workstation: more powerful microcomputer used for CAD, CAM, and scientific applications
Power doubles about every two years
Notebook computer: compact personal computer powered by rechargeable battery
New models include wireless technology
Personal digital assistant: handheld computer
Stylus used to enter data through touch screen
Tablet computer: PC on a thick writing tablet
Technology convergence: build several technologies into single piece of hardware
Prominent in handheld units
Commonly merged technologies include
Cell phones
Television
Digital cameras
MP3 players
Professionals must know computer components to understand its power and capabilities
Use the knowledge to make good decisions in purchasing a computer
CPU has two units to store and process data
Control unit and arithmetic logic unit
CPU is silicon chip with multiple circuits
Also known as microprocessor
Modern processors can do multithreading
Processing more than one program at a time
Microprocessors are embedded with transistors
Transistor is a semiconductor that can represent binary code’s two states
Machine Cycle (CPU):
Fetch, decode execute each instruction
Data word: maximum number of bits that the control unit can fetch
Arithmetic Logic Unit: arithmetic and logic
Computer power depends on processing speed and memory capacity
Bus: electronic lines or traces used for communication inside computer
Throughput: number of bits per second bus can accommodate
MIPS: millions of instructions per second, a common measure of computer speed
Computers must receive input to produce output
Input devices include machines used to enter instructions and data into computer
Most common input device is keyboard
Contains keys that users press to enter data
Includes letters, numbers, and punctuation
QWERTY and Dvorak: QWERTY standard
Dvorak facilitates faster typing
Ergonomic keyboard: fits the natural position of forearms and prevents injury
Mouse: controls onscreen pointer to facilitate point-and-click approach
Trackball: similar to mouse, but ball moves within device
Trackpad: cursor controlled by touch-sensitive pad
Mice and similar devices can be wireless units
Touch screen: both input and output device
Often used for public applications
Prevalent in handheld devices
Source data input devices: copy data directly from source
Bar-codes, credit cards, and checks
Use optical recognition devices, which detect positions of marks or characters
Magnetic-ink character recognition: detects magnetic ink on checks
Imaging: converting documents into images
Saves paper
More efficient retrieval and filing
Scanned document can be destroyed
Translating human speech into computer-readable data and instructions
Receive input from microphone and process with software
May increase noise level in offices is Speech Recognition
Most popular devices are monitors and printers
Other output includes speakers
In the future, smell output is possible
Cathode-ray tube: inner side of screen has layer of phosphoric dots called pixels
Electron gun receives instructions from computer and sweeps the pixels
Flat-panel monitor: includes liquid crystal display, which uses a liquid crystal filled screen, whose molecules align in different places when given electric charge
Nonimpact printer: does not mechanically impact the paper
Laser printer is most common in business
Others: ink-jet and electrothermal printers
Impact printers: reproduce image by using mechanical impact
Dot-matrix printer has pins that strike ink ribbon against paper
Data must be stored on nonvolatile medium
Data is retained even when not powered
Storage devices differ in technology used to maintain data and physical structure
Sequential storage: data is organized one record after another
Slower and less convenient
Direct access: records are organized by physical address on the device
Flash drives: small storage devices that connect via universal serial bus
Direct access storage media is only practical way to organize and query databases
Magnetic tapes: similar to tape recorders and VCRs
Provide lowest cost (bytes per dollar)
Can backup all data
Takes long time to copy from tape
Unreliable after a long period of time
Magnetic disk: most widely used storage medium
Hard disk: stack of several aluminum platters installed in same box that holds CPU
Stores up to 500 GB of data
External hard disks connect to computer through USB port
Optical disc: recorded by treating disc surface to reflect light in different ways
Compact discs: available as read-only, recordable, and rewritable
DVDs: store 4.7 GB per side
Optical discs are slower than hard disks
Optical tape uses same technology as optical discs to store and retrieve data
Bits are organized sequentially like tape
Used in digital video camcorders
Flash memory: memory chip that can be rewritten and holds content without power
Available as memory card and USB drive
Solid state disk: storage media that does not have latency time
Direct access storage: disk or array of disks directly connected to server
Network-attached storage: device designed for networked storage
Storage area network: network fully devoted to storage and transfer of data
DAS, NAS, and SAN utilize RAID, redundant array of independent disks
When purchasing storage devices managers must consider:
How the data is used
Capacity of the device
Speed and cost
Reliability and portability
Companies must consider the following when deciding what to purchase:
Power of the equipment
Expansion slots and ports
Monitor type and resolution
Ergonomics
Other factors include:
Compatibility with existing hardware
Physical size of computer
Reliability of vendor
Power consumption and noise
Scalability: resources can be expanded or upgraded to provide increased power
Not all hardware is scalable
Leasing hardware is a valid option to avoid short useful lifetime of hardware
Understanding hardware is important for purchasing decisions
Computers classified according to power
All computers have CPU to process instructions
Clock rate measures the speed of a CPU
Computer word is the number of bits it can process in a single cycle
Computer power: speed and memory size
RAM is volatile memory that forms a large part of computer’s memory
ROM is nonvolatile: does not require power
Imaging devices help process text and graphics
When evaluating external storage, consider density, transfer rate, capacity,
Data organized sequentially on tapes
Direct access storage devices include RAM, magnetic disks, and optical discs
Databases require direct access storage devices
When purchasing hardware, managers should consider power, scalability, and compatibility
Information technology may pose health risks such as carpel tunnel syndrome
Consider software before hardware
Computer must handle four operations
Accept data
Store data
Process data
Output data
Input devices: receive signals from outside of computer and transfer them into computer
Central processing unit
Accepts instructions and data
Decodes and executes instructions
Stores output in memory
Internal memory: stores data and instructions before and after CPU processes them
RAM: random access memory
ROM: read-only memory
Motherboard: CPU and primary memory reside
External Memory: magnetic disks, magnetic tapes, optical discs, DVDs, and flash memory
Allows permanent storage
Output devices: deliver information from computer to person
Most commonly monitors and printers
Includes audio devices
Bit: Binary digit
0 or 1
Byte: a standard group of eight bits
Most characters represented by single byte
Computers vary in size
Classified by power
Depends on processing speed and memory size
More powerful computers are more expensive
Supercomputers: most powerful computer at any given time
Largest in physical size and most expensive
Parallel processing: multiple processors running simultaneously
Also known as multiprocessing
Mainframe computers: store large amounts of data and business transactions
Less expensive and less powerful than supercomputers
Banks, universities, and insurance companies use them as a central computer
40-50% of world’s business data resides on mainframes
Use multiple processors
Midrange computers: often act as servers within organizations or through the Internet
Smaller and less powerful than mainframes
Serves hundred of users that connect from personal computers
Use multiple processors
Microcomputers: personal computers, notebook computers, and handhelds
Workstation: more powerful microcomputer used for CAD, CAM, and scientific applications
Power doubles about every two years
Notebook computer: compact personal computer powered by rechargeable battery
New models include wireless technology
Personal digital assistant: handheld computer
Stylus used to enter data through touch screen
Tablet computer: PC on a thick writing tablet
Technology convergence: build several technologies into single piece of hardware
Prominent in handheld units
Commonly merged technologies include
Cell phones
Television
Digital cameras
MP3 players
Professionals must know computer components to understand its power and capabilities
Use the knowledge to make good decisions in purchasing a computer
CPU has two units to store and process data
Control unit and arithmetic logic unit
CPU is silicon chip with multiple circuits
Also known as microprocessor
Modern processors can do multithreading
Processing more than one program at a time
Microprocessors are embedded with transistors
Transistor is a semiconductor that can represent binary code’s two states
Machine Cycle (CPU):
Fetch, decode execute each instruction
Data word: maximum number of bits that the control unit can fetch
Arithmetic Logic Unit: arithmetic and logic
Computer power depends on processing speed and memory capacity
Bus: electronic lines or traces used for communication inside computer
Throughput: number of bits per second bus can accommodate
MIPS: millions of instructions per second, a common measure of computer speed
Computers must receive input to produce output
Input devices include machines used to enter instructions and data into computer
Most common input device is keyboard
Contains keys that users press to enter data
Includes letters, numbers, and punctuation
QWERTY and Dvorak: QWERTY standard
Dvorak facilitates faster typing
Ergonomic keyboard: fits the natural position of forearms and prevents injury
Mouse: controls onscreen pointer to facilitate point-and-click approach
Trackball: similar to mouse, but ball moves within device
Trackpad: cursor controlled by touch-sensitive pad
Mice and similar devices can be wireless units
Touch screen: both input and output device
Often used for public applications
Prevalent in handheld devices
Source data input devices: copy data directly from source
Bar-codes, credit cards, and checks
Use optical recognition devices, which detect positions of marks or characters
Magnetic-ink character recognition: detects magnetic ink on checks
Imaging: converting documents into images
Saves paper
More efficient retrieval and filing
Scanned document can be destroyed
Translating human speech into computer-readable data and instructions
Receive input from microphone and process with software
May increase noise level in offices is Speech Recognition
Most popular devices are monitors and printers
Other output includes speakers
In the future, smell output is possible
Cathode-ray tube: inner side of screen has layer of phosphoric dots called pixels
Electron gun receives instructions from computer and sweeps the pixels
Flat-panel monitor: includes liquid crystal display, which uses a liquid crystal filled screen, whose molecules align in different places when given electric charge
Nonimpact printer: does not mechanically impact the paper
Laser printer is most common in business
Others: ink-jet and electrothermal printers
Impact printers: reproduce image by using mechanical impact
Dot-matrix printer has pins that strike ink ribbon against paper
Data must be stored on nonvolatile medium
Data is retained even when not powered
Storage devices differ in technology used to maintain data and physical structure
Sequential storage: data is organized one record after another
Slower and less convenient
Direct access: records are organized by physical address on the device
Flash drives: small storage devices that connect via universal serial bus
Direct access storage media is only practical way to organize and query databases
Magnetic tapes: similar to tape recorders and VCRs
Provide lowest cost (bytes per dollar)
Can backup all data
Takes long time to copy from tape
Unreliable after a long period of time
Magnetic disk: most widely used storage medium
Hard disk: stack of several aluminum platters installed in same box that holds CPU
Stores up to 500 GB of data
External hard disks connect to computer through USB port
Optical disc: recorded by treating disc surface to reflect light in different ways
Compact discs: available as read-only, recordable, and rewritable
DVDs: store 4.7 GB per side
Optical discs are slower than hard disks
Optical tape uses same technology as optical discs to store and retrieve data
Bits are organized sequentially like tape
Used in digital video camcorders
Flash memory: memory chip that can be rewritten and holds content without power
Available as memory card and USB drive
Solid state disk: storage media that does not have latency time
Direct access storage: disk or array of disks directly connected to server
Network-attached storage: device designed for networked storage
Storage area network: network fully devoted to storage and transfer of data
DAS, NAS, and SAN utilize RAID, redundant array of independent disks
When purchasing storage devices managers must consider:
How the data is used
Capacity of the device
Speed and cost
Reliability and portability
Companies must consider the following when deciding what to purchase:
Power of the equipment
Expansion slots and ports
Monitor type and resolution
Ergonomics
Other factors include:
Compatibility with existing hardware
Physical size of computer
Reliability of vendor
Power consumption and noise
Scalability: resources can be expanded or upgraded to provide increased power
Not all hardware is scalable
Leasing hardware is a valid option to avoid short useful lifetime of hardware
Understanding hardware is important for purchasing decisions
Computers classified according to power
All computers have CPU to process instructions
Clock rate measures the speed of a CPU
Computer word is the number of bits it can process in a single cycle
Computer power: speed and memory size
RAM is volatile memory that forms a large part of computer’s memory
ROM is nonvolatile: does not require power
Imaging devices help process text and graphics
When evaluating external storage, consider density, transfer rate, capacity,
Data organized sequentially on tapes
Direct access storage devices include RAM, magnetic disks, and optical discs
Databases require direct access storage devices
When purchasing hardware, managers should consider power, scalability, and compatibility
Information technology may pose health risks such as carpel tunnel syndrome
Network in Business
Telecommunications: transmittal of data and information
Allows communications over large distances
Network technologies bring about several improvements to business process
Advantages of telecommunications
Better business communication
Geographical distance irrelevant
Greater efficiency
Information becomes immediately available
Better distribution of data
Advantages of telecommunications
Instant transactions
Flexible and mobile workforce
Alternative channels
Network security is risk
Name derived from areas of service called cells
Use computerized transceiver
Transmits and receives signals
Transmit and receive calls almost anywhere
Other uses
E-mail and faxing
GPS
Digital cameras
Major advantage is mobility
Videoconferencing: transmitted images and speech
Brings conference rooms thousands of miles apart together
Save on multiple costs
Travel
Lodging
Time
Fax: Transmission and reception of images over telephone line
Fax machine digitizes image and transmits representative bits to other fax machine
Can be sent through Internet
Uses special software
Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology enables quick transactions and payments
Used in gas stations and wireless toll plazas
Facilitates payments
Used in warehouses
Check availability
Locate items to be picked up and stored
Peer-to-Peer file sharing: locate and download files from online computer through Internet
LimeWire
KaZaa
Morpheus
Exchange music and video files
Raises many issues with copyright violation
BitTorrent: Download segments of files from multiple sources
Increasingly fast communication allows businesses options
Research
Market
Educate
Train
Shop
Entire industries created by Web
Online exchanges and auctions
Bandwidth: speed at which data are communicated
Bits per second: unit of measure for bandwidth
Baseband: carry only one transmission at a time
Broadband: carry multiple transmissions simultaneously
Several types of communications media
Tangible or intangible
Tangible
Twisted pair cable
Coaxial cable
Optical fiber
Intangible media
Microwave radio technologies
Twisted pair cable: pairs of insulated copper wires twisted together
Twisting reduces electromagnetic interference
Low cost
Used in networking devices
Coaxial cable: for cable television transmission
Used for Internet
Optical fiber: uses light to represent bits
Not susceptible to interference
Microwaves: high-frequency radio waves that can carry signals over long distances
Used in radio-frequency technologies
Signals transmitted by satellite links
Geostationary satellites are farther away from the Earth
Electrical power lines: electrical power grid used for telecommunication
Network: combination of devices (nodes) connected through communication channels
Any compatible device can transmit and receive on a network
Three basic types of networks
Local area network (LAN): established by single organization and shared among employees
Server: single computer often used as central repository of programs and files for all computers
Peer-to-peer LAN: no central device controls communications
Wireless LANs (WLANs): easier installation and more scalable
Scalability: ease of expanding system
Wireless networks less secure
Metropolitan area network (MAN): links multiple LANs within large city
Wide area network (WAN): far-reaching system of networks composed of LANs or MANs
Value-added networks (VANs): networks with enhanced services
Reliability
Management
Maintenance
Internet service providers (ISPs): preferred method of conducting commerce
Personal area network (PAN): wireless network designed for handheld and portable devices
Used by one or two people
Transmission speed slower
Maximum distance 10 meters
Networks use variety of devices to connect computers and peripheral devices
Network interface card: connects through cable or wireless antenna to middle device
Middle device connects to LAN or WAN
Hub: central location to connect computers
Switch: controls direction of communications
Bridge: connects two networks
Router: routes data packets to next node
Repeater: amplifies or regenerates signals
Modem: translates communication signals form analog to digital and vice versa
Dial-up connection: slower type of connection through modem
Virtual private network (VPN): alternative to creating LAN
Does not require leasing of lines
Utilizes Internet, a public network to simulate a private network
Enables intranets and extranets
Circuit switching: dedicated channel established for duration of transmission
Packet switching: message broken into packets
Packet: group of bits transmitted together
Frame relay: high-speed packet-switching protocol used in WANs
Variable-sized packets routed quickly
Protocol: set of rules governing communication between computers
Protocol is like human language and basic understanding
Some protocols designed for WANs, LANs, and wireless communications
Most important set of protocols called TCP/IP
TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
Ensures packets arrive accurately
Ensures delivery of packets from node to node, respectively
Internet backbone: highest speed channels
Host: computer connect directly to backbone
IP number: unique identification for device
DNS: Domain Name Service maintains character-based names of IP numbers
Static IP number: permanent number assigned to device
Dynamic IP number: temporary IP number assigned for duration of connection
Ethernet: LAN protocol using coaxial cable
Gigabit Ethernet: faster Ethernet connections
Devices on network contend with other devices for transmission time
CSMA/CD protocol ensures no collisions in transmission
IEEE 802.11: known as Wi-Fi
Supports wireless communication within 100 meters of router
Max speed 11 Mbps
Access point (hotspot): allows Internet access within range of equipment
Encryption: ability to scramble and code messages
Use keys shared between sender and receiver
Bluetooth: allows devices to communicate within 10 meters
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WIMAX): increases range and speed of wireless communication
Works with metropolitan area networks
Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA): similar to cell phone communications
Compatible with IP services
Compatible with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
Networking professionals refer to generations of mobile communication technologies
First generation analog
Second generation used digital voice encoding
Third generation stepped up speeds
Fourth Generation digital
Packet switching
Higher security
Variety of options to choose from when subscribing to network services
Downstream: speed of receiving from network
Upstream: speed of
Internet links provided by television cable firms
Cable connected to Internet server
At residence, cable split into TV set and computer
Cable shared by all subscribers
Digital subscriber line (DSL): data remains digital through entire transmission
Uses telephone lines connected to DSL bridge
Several types of DSL
Asymmetric allows different upstream and downstream rates
Transmission rates closely related to distance from telephone company
T1 and T3 lines: point-to-point dedicated digital circuits
T3 lines made of 24 channels of 64 Kbps
T1 line made of 672 channels of 64 Kbps
Expensive
Used in universities
Satellite services use microwaves
Service provider installs dish antenna, used as communications satellite
Speeds up to 45 Mbps
GPS free satellite service
Fixed wireless: point-to-point transmission between two stationary devices
Wireless Internet service provider (WISP)
Provides fixed wireless service
Highly modular and scalable
Optical carrier
Expensive
High connection speeds
Uses basic unit of 51.84 Mbps
Used by
ISPs
Search engines
Content-rich Web sites
Broadband over Power Lines (BPL): uses electric power lines to carry digital signals
Used by utility companies
Monitor power consumption
Detect power failure
Track power outages
Voice over Internet Protocol: uses Internet connection to conduct telephone conversations
Free of charge
Different quality of sound from traditional telephone services
Does not allow calls to emergency numbers such as 911
RFID tags tiny and need little power
Objects are embedded with tags that contain radio transceiver
Tags encoded with electronic product code
Readers decode data stored in tag’s memory and data passed to host computer
Convergence occurs in networking technology
Cell phones can act as Web phones
Television sets connect to Internet
Wireless technologies combined in same device enhance functionality
Telecommunications is communication over distance
Different media have different bandwidths
Networks are classified according to reach and complexity
Network can be turned into a virtual private network (VPN)
Two ways to switch a communication line: packet switching and circuit switching
Network protocols are sets of rules to which all devices on network must adhere
The Internet adheres to the TCP/IP protocol
Wireless technologies make it easy and affordable to create wireless LANs
Organizations and individuals have variety of choices when subscribing to networking services
As Internet links become faster, Internet telephoning is gaining in popularity
Wireless technologies support the increasingly popular RFID technologies
Much like hardware, telecommunications technologies are merging
Increasing numbers of employees now telecommute
Allows communications over large distances
Network technologies bring about several improvements to business process
Advantages of telecommunications
Better business communication
Geographical distance irrelevant
Greater efficiency
Information becomes immediately available
Better distribution of data
Advantages of telecommunications
Instant transactions
Flexible and mobile workforce
Alternative channels
Network security is risk
Name derived from areas of service called cells
Use computerized transceiver
Transmits and receives signals
Transmit and receive calls almost anywhere
Other uses
E-mail and faxing
GPS
Digital cameras
Major advantage is mobility
Videoconferencing: transmitted images and speech
Brings conference rooms thousands of miles apart together
Save on multiple costs
Travel
Lodging
Time
Fax: Transmission and reception of images over telephone line
Fax machine digitizes image and transmits representative bits to other fax machine
Can be sent through Internet
Uses special software
Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology enables quick transactions and payments
Used in gas stations and wireless toll plazas
Facilitates payments
Used in warehouses
Check availability
Locate items to be picked up and stored
Peer-to-Peer file sharing: locate and download files from online computer through Internet
LimeWire
KaZaa
Morpheus
Exchange music and video files
Raises many issues with copyright violation
BitTorrent: Download segments of files from multiple sources
Increasingly fast communication allows businesses options
Research
Market
Educate
Train
Shop
Entire industries created by Web
Online exchanges and auctions
Bandwidth: speed at which data are communicated
Bits per second: unit of measure for bandwidth
Baseband: carry only one transmission at a time
Broadband: carry multiple transmissions simultaneously
Several types of communications media
Tangible or intangible
Tangible
Twisted pair cable
Coaxial cable
Optical fiber
Intangible media
Microwave radio technologies
Twisted pair cable: pairs of insulated copper wires twisted together
Twisting reduces electromagnetic interference
Low cost
Used in networking devices
Coaxial cable: for cable television transmission
Used for Internet
Optical fiber: uses light to represent bits
Not susceptible to interference
Microwaves: high-frequency radio waves that can carry signals over long distances
Used in radio-frequency technologies
Signals transmitted by satellite links
Geostationary satellites are farther away from the Earth
Electrical power lines: electrical power grid used for telecommunication
Network: combination of devices (nodes) connected through communication channels
Any compatible device can transmit and receive on a network
Three basic types of networks
Local area network (LAN): established by single organization and shared among employees
Server: single computer often used as central repository of programs and files for all computers
Peer-to-peer LAN: no central device controls communications
Wireless LANs (WLANs): easier installation and more scalable
Scalability: ease of expanding system
Wireless networks less secure
Metropolitan area network (MAN): links multiple LANs within large city
Wide area network (WAN): far-reaching system of networks composed of LANs or MANs
Value-added networks (VANs): networks with enhanced services
Reliability
Management
Maintenance
Internet service providers (ISPs): preferred method of conducting commerce
Personal area network (PAN): wireless network designed for handheld and portable devices
Used by one or two people
Transmission speed slower
Maximum distance 10 meters
Networks use variety of devices to connect computers and peripheral devices
Network interface card: connects through cable or wireless antenna to middle device
Middle device connects to LAN or WAN
Hub: central location to connect computers
Switch: controls direction of communications
Bridge: connects two networks
Router: routes data packets to next node
Repeater: amplifies or regenerates signals
Modem: translates communication signals form analog to digital and vice versa
Dial-up connection: slower type of connection through modem
Virtual private network (VPN): alternative to creating LAN
Does not require leasing of lines
Utilizes Internet, a public network to simulate a private network
Enables intranets and extranets
Circuit switching: dedicated channel established for duration of transmission
Packet switching: message broken into packets
Packet: group of bits transmitted together
Frame relay: high-speed packet-switching protocol used in WANs
Variable-sized packets routed quickly
Protocol: set of rules governing communication between computers
Protocol is like human language and basic understanding
Some protocols designed for WANs, LANs, and wireless communications
Most important set of protocols called TCP/IP
TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
Ensures packets arrive accurately
Ensures delivery of packets from node to node, respectively
Internet backbone: highest speed channels
Host: computer connect directly to backbone
IP number: unique identification for device
DNS: Domain Name Service maintains character-based names of IP numbers
Static IP number: permanent number assigned to device
Dynamic IP number: temporary IP number assigned for duration of connection
Ethernet: LAN protocol using coaxial cable
Gigabit Ethernet: faster Ethernet connections
Devices on network contend with other devices for transmission time
CSMA/CD protocol ensures no collisions in transmission
IEEE 802.11: known as Wi-Fi
Supports wireless communication within 100 meters of router
Max speed 11 Mbps
Access point (hotspot): allows Internet access within range of equipment
Encryption: ability to scramble and code messages
Use keys shared between sender and receiver
Bluetooth: allows devices to communicate within 10 meters
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WIMAX): increases range and speed of wireless communication
Works with metropolitan area networks
Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA): similar to cell phone communications
Compatible with IP services
Compatible with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
Networking professionals refer to generations of mobile communication technologies
First generation analog
Second generation used digital voice encoding
Third generation stepped up speeds
Fourth Generation digital
Packet switching
Higher security
Variety of options to choose from when subscribing to network services
Downstream: speed of receiving from network
Upstream: speed of
Internet links provided by television cable firms
Cable connected to Internet server
At residence, cable split into TV set and computer
Cable shared by all subscribers
Digital subscriber line (DSL): data remains digital through entire transmission
Uses telephone lines connected to DSL bridge
Several types of DSL
Asymmetric allows different upstream and downstream rates
Transmission rates closely related to distance from telephone company
T1 and T3 lines: point-to-point dedicated digital circuits
T3 lines made of 24 channels of 64 Kbps
T1 line made of 672 channels of 64 Kbps
Expensive
Used in universities
Satellite services use microwaves
Service provider installs dish antenna, used as communications satellite
Speeds up to 45 Mbps
GPS free satellite service
Fixed wireless: point-to-point transmission between two stationary devices
Wireless Internet service provider (WISP)
Provides fixed wireless service
Highly modular and scalable
Optical carrier
Expensive
High connection speeds
Uses basic unit of 51.84 Mbps
Used by
ISPs
Search engines
Content-rich Web sites
Broadband over Power Lines (BPL): uses electric power lines to carry digital signals
Used by utility companies
Monitor power consumption
Detect power failure
Track power outages
Voice over Internet Protocol: uses Internet connection to conduct telephone conversations
Free of charge
Different quality of sound from traditional telephone services
Does not allow calls to emergency numbers such as 911
RFID tags tiny and need little power
Objects are embedded with tags that contain radio transceiver
Tags encoded with electronic product code
Readers decode data stored in tag’s memory and data passed to host computer
Convergence occurs in networking technology
Cell phones can act as Web phones
Television sets connect to Internet
Wireless technologies combined in same device enhance functionality
Telecommunications is communication over distance
Different media have different bandwidths
Networks are classified according to reach and complexity
Network can be turned into a virtual private network (VPN)
Two ways to switch a communication line: packet switching and circuit switching
Network protocols are sets of rules to which all devices on network must adhere
The Internet adheres to the TCP/IP protocol
Wireless technologies make it easy and affordable to create wireless LANs
Organizations and individuals have variety of choices when subscribing to networking services
As Internet links become faster, Internet telephoning is gaining in popularity
Wireless technologies support the increasingly popular RFID technologies
Much like hardware, telecommunications technologies are merging
Increasing numbers of employees now telecommute
The purpose of Software
Applications: programs that contribute to productivity
Software: series of instructions to execute processes
Software categories:
Application software: enables task completion
System software: enables applications to run on computer
Programs needed for every computer operation
Programming: process of writing programs
Machine language: language hardware understands
0’s and 1’s
Assembly language: easier to program than machine language
Uses words
High-level programming language: English-like statements
Software development tools: develop software with little knowledge of programming languages
Third-generation languages known as “procedural” languages
Programmer must detail logical procedure
Fourth-generation languages closer to human language
Debugging: locating and fixing program errors
Visual programming languages: create graphics by selecting icons from palette
Microsoft Visual Basic
Borland Delphi
Micro Focus COBOL
ASNA Visual RPG
Visual C++
User can still work at the code level
Object-oriented programming: modular approach to programming
Ease of maintenance
Object contains data elements and methods that perform functions
Objects reusable and combined in complex programs
Include C++, Object Pascal, and Java
Increasing amount of software developed for Web
Web programming languages include Java, JavaScript, J2EE, and PHP
Applet: code produced by Web programming language
Runs same on different operating systems
Application can be software to let nonprogrammers develop their own tools
Application-specific software: performs specific jobs
General-purpose application software: serves multiple purposes
Usually comes as packaged software
Packaged software: ready to install from external storage medium
Productivity tools: assist normal office work
Word processors: type letters and articles
Spreadsheets: store numbers
Perform complex mathematical, statistical, and financial functions
Presentation tools: develop impressive presentations quickly
File management tools: create and manipulate local or shared databases
Graphics programs: create intricate graphics
Manipulate digital photographs
Desktop publishing tools:
Pamphlets
Cards
Calendars
Project management tools: plan projects and track progress
Suite: collection of various applications
Perform multiple interrelated functions
Hypermedia: enables user to access information by clicking text or graphics
Web page authoring tools: enable hypermedia features
Part of other applications
Word processors
Presentation tools
Multimedia software: handles many different types of data
Education: lessons presented in multimedia
Training exercises
Compiling and integrating data
Business situations
Groupware: enables workers to collaborate in real time over Web
Integration of multimedia technology and Web technology
Allows for remote collaboration
Eliminates travel times and facilitates expression of ideas
Virtual reality: mimic sensory reality
Senses movement, responds to signals, and provides feedback to user
Businesses use VR to decrease cost of planning buildings, machines, and vehicles
Similar to virtual reality
Develop three-dimensional models of geographic locations
Models created from land and aerial photographs
Helps with navigation
Often tied to global positioning system software
System software: deals with essential operations
User interface
Loading files
Copying files
Managing memory resources
Encompasses compilers and interpreters
Applications must be compatible with system software
Operating system: most important program
Recognizes input from keyboard
Sends output to computer display
Keeps track of files and directories
Runs applications
Operating system manages memory
Also known as “platform”
Interacts with user and CPU
Utilities: another OS functions
Hardware diagnostics
Disk check
File sorting
Operating system functions include user interface
Originally text prompts
Later graphical user interfaces
Operating system must allocate memory
Virtual memory: hard disk acts as RAM
Plug-and-play: run a device as soon as you physically attach it
Driver: enables OS to control device
Operating systems incorporating more services
Database management
Networking
Security
Current operating systems
Windows XP
Linux
Mac OS
Linux: Free OS
Based on UNIX
Some versions of Windows notoriously unstable
OS based on UNIX highly stable
Other system software
Compilers
Interpreters
Communications software
Utilities
Sometimes database management systems
Communications software supports transmission and reception of data across networks
Utilities include antivirus programs, firewalls, and spyware eliminators
Proprietary software: sold for profit
Private code
Developer retains rights to software
Open source software: free source code
Fewer bugs because many programmers review
Mozilla Firefox
Thunderbird
MySQL
PERL
Software is collective term for computer programs
Software classified as: system or application
Programming languages and software development tools help develop software
Increasing amount of software is linked to Internet
Some application programs custom designed, and many are packaged
Code must be translated with compiler and/or interpreter
Office productivity tools such as word processors and spreadsheets help worker efficiency
Hypermedia and multimedia technology are useful for training, education, research, and business
Groupware combines hypermedia and multimedia with Web
Three-dimensional geographic software helps model maps and locations
Most important system software is operating system
Open source software
Distributed freely
More reliable
Simulate sight, hearing, and touch
Uses equipment
Goggles
Gloves
Earphones
Moving bases
Software: series of instructions to execute processes
Software categories:
Application software: enables task completion
System software: enables applications to run on computer
Programs needed for every computer operation
Programming: process of writing programs
Machine language: language hardware understands
0’s and 1’s
Assembly language: easier to program than machine language
Uses words
High-level programming language: English-like statements
Software development tools: develop software with little knowledge of programming languages
Third-generation languages known as “procedural” languages
Programmer must detail logical procedure
Fourth-generation languages closer to human language
Debugging: locating and fixing program errors
Visual programming languages: create graphics by selecting icons from palette
Microsoft Visual Basic
Borland Delphi
Micro Focus COBOL
ASNA Visual RPG
Visual C++
User can still work at the code level
Object-oriented programming: modular approach to programming
Ease of maintenance
Object contains data elements and methods that perform functions
Objects reusable and combined in complex programs
Include C++, Object Pascal, and Java
Increasing amount of software developed for Web
Web programming languages include Java, JavaScript, J2EE, and PHP
Applet: code produced by Web programming language
Runs same on different operating systems
Application can be software to let nonprogrammers develop their own tools
Application-specific software: performs specific jobs
General-purpose application software: serves multiple purposes
Usually comes as packaged software
Packaged software: ready to install from external storage medium
Productivity tools: assist normal office work
Word processors: type letters and articles
Spreadsheets: store numbers
Perform complex mathematical, statistical, and financial functions
Presentation tools: develop impressive presentations quickly
File management tools: create and manipulate local or shared databases
Graphics programs: create intricate graphics
Manipulate digital photographs
Desktop publishing tools:
Pamphlets
Cards
Calendars
Project management tools: plan projects and track progress
Suite: collection of various applications
Perform multiple interrelated functions
Hypermedia: enables user to access information by clicking text or graphics
Web page authoring tools: enable hypermedia features
Part of other applications
Word processors
Presentation tools
Multimedia software: handles many different types of data
Education: lessons presented in multimedia
Training exercises
Compiling and integrating data
Business situations
Groupware: enables workers to collaborate in real time over Web
Integration of multimedia technology and Web technology
Allows for remote collaboration
Eliminates travel times and facilitates expression of ideas
Virtual reality: mimic sensory reality
Senses movement, responds to signals, and provides feedback to user
Businesses use VR to decrease cost of planning buildings, machines, and vehicles
Similar to virtual reality
Develop three-dimensional models of geographic locations
Models created from land and aerial photographs
Helps with navigation
Often tied to global positioning system software
System software: deals with essential operations
User interface
Loading files
Copying files
Managing memory resources
Encompasses compilers and interpreters
Applications must be compatible with system software
Operating system: most important program
Recognizes input from keyboard
Sends output to computer display
Keeps track of files and directories
Runs applications
Operating system manages memory
Also known as “platform”
Interacts with user and CPU
Utilities: another OS functions
Hardware diagnostics
Disk check
File sorting
Operating system functions include user interface
Originally text prompts
Later graphical user interfaces
Operating system must allocate memory
Virtual memory: hard disk acts as RAM
Plug-and-play: run a device as soon as you physically attach it
Driver: enables OS to control device
Operating systems incorporating more services
Database management
Networking
Security
Current operating systems
Windows XP
Linux
Mac OS
Linux: Free OS
Based on UNIX
Some versions of Windows notoriously unstable
OS based on UNIX highly stable
Other system software
Compilers
Interpreters
Communications software
Utilities
Sometimes database management systems
Communications software supports transmission and reception of data across networks
Utilities include antivirus programs, firewalls, and spyware eliminators
Proprietary software: sold for profit
Private code
Developer retains rights to software
Open source software: free source code
Fewer bugs because many programmers review
Mozilla Firefox
Thunderbird
MySQL
PERL
Software is collective term for computer programs
Software classified as: system or application
Programming languages and software development tools help develop software
Increasing amount of software is linked to Internet
Some application programs custom designed, and many are packaged
Code must be translated with compiler and/or interpreter
Office productivity tools such as word processors and spreadsheets help worker efficiency
Hypermedia and multimedia technology are useful for training, education, research, and business
Groupware combines hypermedia and multimedia with Web
Three-dimensional geographic software helps model maps and locations
Most important system software is operating system
Open source software
Distributed freely
More reliable
Simulate sight, hearing, and touch
Uses equipment
Goggles
Gloves
Earphones
Moving bases
The Internet and Education
WebQuests
o Use the Internet for investigation and problem solving
Online learning
Computer-based learning
Simulations
Online Learning
Technological Innovations
Artificial intelligence
o Computer software that processes information on its own without human intervention
Genetic engineering
o Involves changing the DNA in a living organism
o
Genetic Engineering
Virtual reality
o An artificial environment that feels like a real environment
Computing trends
o Nanotechnology
o Optical computing
o Quantum computing
Work and Play
Global economy
o Knowledge is the greatest asset.
Electronic commerce
o Changing the way the world does business
The workplace
o Information management has changed.
o Groupware makes business communication and collaboration easier.
o Telecommuting provides advantages to both employer and employee.
Our Personal Lives
Technology is present in nearly every phase of our daily lives.
o ATMs and other financial activities
o Transportation
o Education
o Shopping
o Communication
o Medical treatment
Technological Issues
Misuse of information
o Copyright violations
o Plagiarism
Computer crimes
o Computer fraud
o Computer hacking
o Computer viruses
o Data diddling
Computer Security
Using Computer Hardware and Software
Damage caused by improper use by employees
Damage caused by improper configurations
Damage caused by natural causes
Illegal copying or use of software
Health Issues
Ergonomics-related concerns
o Prolonged keyboard use can result in carpal tunnel syndrome.
o Poor lighting can cause eye strain.
o Improper furniture can cause muscle disorders.
o Prolonged use of computers can cause fatigue, headaches, and backaches.
Privacy
Personal information is available online.
o Many companies sell or trade information.
o Information is gathered from online data regarding school, banking, hospitals, insurance companies, and so on.
o This information typically is used for marketing purposes.
Using credit cards to purchase merchandise on the Internet can be risky.
o Some sites are advertised as being secure.
o If sites are not secure, your credit card number can be released and sold.
Security
Security is necessary to keep hardware, software, and data safe.
o Control access to data with passwords or biometric security measures.
o Make security a priority.
o Use firewalls.
o Use antivirus software.
o Back up data regularly.
Protection for Technology Injuries
The Copyright Act of 1976 protects the developers of software.
The Electronic Communication Privacy Act of 1986 prohibits the interception of data communications.
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986
Software Piracy and Counterfeiting Amendment of 1983
Summary
Technology is having a tremendous impact on education.
Many people predict that technology will change the entire structure of education.
The Internet and the World Wide Web are the biggest factors affecting education today.
Some people predict an antitechnology backlash.
Electronic commerce is the buying and selling of goods and services using the Internet.
Digital cash allows someone to pay online by transmitting a number from one computer to another.
New jobs and new job categories are being developed because of the Internet and electronic commerce.
Some technological advances are voice recognition, nonlethal weapons, space travel, flying cars, smart shoes and smart seats, clothes that fight odors, and electronic shopping.
Computer crime has become a major problem, costing companies billions of dollars annually.
Computer fraud is conduct that involves the manipulation of a computer or computer data for dishonest profit.
Computer hacking involves invading someone else’s computer. Sometimes it is done for financial gain and sometimes just as a prank.
A computer virus is a program that has been written to cause corruption of data on a computer.
To protect against viruses, install and keep an antivirus program running on your computer.
Be sure to update regularly.
Computer security is necessary in order to keep hardware, software, and data safe from harm or destruction.
The most common way to control access to data is to use passwords.
Illegally copying and using software is called software piracy. It has cost companies millions of dollars in lost sales.
Laws have been passed in an effort to assist those who have been injured by computer crimes and offenses.
Many computer crimes are difficult to prove and prosecute.
o Use the Internet for investigation and problem solving
Online learning
Computer-based learning
Simulations
Online Learning
Technological Innovations
Artificial intelligence
o Computer software that processes information on its own without human intervention
Genetic engineering
o Involves changing the DNA in a living organism
o
Genetic Engineering
Virtual reality
o An artificial environment that feels like a real environment
Computing trends
o Nanotechnology
o Optical computing
o Quantum computing
Work and Play
Global economy
o Knowledge is the greatest asset.
Electronic commerce
o Changing the way the world does business
The workplace
o Information management has changed.
o Groupware makes business communication and collaboration easier.
o Telecommuting provides advantages to both employer and employee.
Our Personal Lives
Technology is present in nearly every phase of our daily lives.
o ATMs and other financial activities
o Transportation
o Education
o Shopping
o Communication
o Medical treatment
Technological Issues
Misuse of information
o Copyright violations
o Plagiarism
Computer crimes
o Computer fraud
o Computer hacking
o Computer viruses
o Data diddling
Computer Security
Using Computer Hardware and Software
Damage caused by improper use by employees
Damage caused by improper configurations
Damage caused by natural causes
Illegal copying or use of software
Health Issues
Ergonomics-related concerns
o Prolonged keyboard use can result in carpal tunnel syndrome.
o Poor lighting can cause eye strain.
o Improper furniture can cause muscle disorders.
o Prolonged use of computers can cause fatigue, headaches, and backaches.
Privacy
Personal information is available online.
o Many companies sell or trade information.
o Information is gathered from online data regarding school, banking, hospitals, insurance companies, and so on.
o This information typically is used for marketing purposes.
Using credit cards to purchase merchandise on the Internet can be risky.
o Some sites are advertised as being secure.
o If sites are not secure, your credit card number can be released and sold.
Security
Security is necessary to keep hardware, software, and data safe.
o Control access to data with passwords or biometric security measures.
o Make security a priority.
o Use firewalls.
o Use antivirus software.
o Back up data regularly.
Protection for Technology Injuries
The Copyright Act of 1976 protects the developers of software.
The Electronic Communication Privacy Act of 1986 prohibits the interception of data communications.
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986
Software Piracy and Counterfeiting Amendment of 1983
Summary
Technology is having a tremendous impact on education.
Many people predict that technology will change the entire structure of education.
The Internet and the World Wide Web are the biggest factors affecting education today.
Some people predict an antitechnology backlash.
Electronic commerce is the buying and selling of goods and services using the Internet.
Digital cash allows someone to pay online by transmitting a number from one computer to another.
New jobs and new job categories are being developed because of the Internet and electronic commerce.
Some technological advances are voice recognition, nonlethal weapons, space travel, flying cars, smart shoes and smart seats, clothes that fight odors, and electronic shopping.
Computer crime has become a major problem, costing companies billions of dollars annually.
Computer fraud is conduct that involves the manipulation of a computer or computer data for dishonest profit.
Computer hacking involves invading someone else’s computer. Sometimes it is done for financial gain and sometimes just as a prank.
A computer virus is a program that has been written to cause corruption of data on a computer.
To protect against viruses, install and keep an antivirus program running on your computer.
Be sure to update regularly.
Computer security is necessary in order to keep hardware, software, and data safe from harm or destruction.
The most common way to control access to data is to use passwords.
Illegally copying and using software is called software piracy. It has cost companies millions of dollars in lost sales.
Laws have been passed in an effort to assist those who have been injured by computer crimes and offenses.
Many computer crimes are difficult to prove and prosecute.
E-Mail and Electronic Communication Electronic Mail
Transmission of files and data using
a network
Message broken down into packets
Messages can travel thousands of miles in less than a minute.
Electronic Mail (cont.)
E-mail access
Internet service providers
Wireless
Cell phones/handheld computers
Microsoft Outlook
Provides the following tasks:
Mail
Calendar
Contacts
The default task is Mail.
Microsoft Outlook Screen
Setting up an E-Mail Account
Free e-mail accounts
http://mail.yahoo.com/
http://hotmail.com
Use Outlook’s Inbox to receive mail.
E-Mail Addresses
E-mail addresses consist of three parts
User name of the individual
“@” symbol
User’s domain name
Example
dedwards@msn.com
Starting Outlook
Checking for and reading mail
Outlook sends a request to the mail server to check for new mail.
The number of new messages display in parentheses in the Mail pane.
Click the message header to display the message.
Creating and Sending a Message
Click New to display the Untitled Message dialog box.
Enter e-mail or e-mail addresses.
Type a subject in the Subject text box.
Type your message.
Click the Send button.
Message Dialog Box
Receiving, Opening, and Saving
a Message
Click the Send/Receive button.
Message is received in the Inbox
Click the message header to read the message.
Click File on the menu bar and then select the Save As command to save as a text file, HTML document, or template.
Replying to and Formatting
a Message
Select the message.
Click the Reply or Reply to All button.
Format the message.
Change font type, font size, and text color
Add bold, italics, and underline
Center
Attach a File to an E-Mail Message
Attachments
Documents, figures, and other files
Click File on the menu bar.
Click Insert.
Locate the file on your computer.
Click the Insert button.
E-Mail Troubleshooting
Return message indicates mail cannot be sent
Attachment size may be limited
E-mail address incorrect
Mail server down
Other technical problems
Organizing and Managing E-Mail
Managing the Inbox
Forwarding a message
Saving a message
Deleting a message
Message icons
Provide clues about the message
A sealed envelope indicates the message has not been opened.
A paperclip indicates an attachment.
Special E-Mail Features
Most e-mail programs contain a variety of features.
Automatic “out of office” response
Forwarding
Block Senders List
Save Senders List
Adding Signature and Stationery
You can change backgrounds through the Options dialog box.
You can create a signature that automatically is added to the end of your messages.
Options Dialog Box
Flagging
Flag Status column
Located to the right of the message heading
Six different colors
Use flags for reminder notices or other indicators.
Sorting
Sort messages by any of the following methods:
Flag color
Date
Type
Subject
Encoding or Encrypting E-Mail
Scrambling the message
Requires certificates for digital signing and encryption
Address Book
The address book is available through Outlook’s Contact feature.
Outlook creates an Address card for each contact.
Cards are arranged in alphabetical order.
To add a new contact, click the New button.
To delete a contact, right click the name and select Delete from the shortcut menu.
Contact Information
Professional Communication
Proofread your message.
Limit your use of emoticons.
Keep your message short and to the point.
Limit each message to a single subject.
Double-check the address.
E-mail sent through company networks is not private.
Use an appropriate mail format.
Other Features
Calendar
Used to track appointments
Tasks
Used to organize task information
Other Forms of Electronic Communications
Instant messaging
Send messages in real time
Set up through the Options dialog box
Microsoft Outlook includes features to manage appointments, tasks, and e-mail.
The Outlook bar displays shortcuts that give you quick access to each of the Outlook folders.
Electronic mail is similar to regular mail because it requires an address, a message, and a carrier to get it from the sender to the receiver.
E-mail messages are broken into smaller portions of electronic data called packets, which are sent independently and then reorganized into the original message.
Wireless communications makes it possible to send and receive e-mail using a handheld computer or cell phone with e-mail capabilities.
You can access e-mail on a computer using a program like Microsoft Outlook, or you can send and receive e-mail messages using a Web site with a built-in e-mail program, such as America Online or Hotmail.
E-mail addresses consist of three parts: the user name, the “@” symbol, and the domain name.
An e-mail message header includes the address of the recipient, the subject of the message, and information about to whom the message is sent as a copy.
You can use the Inbox folder in Outlook to send and receive e-mail messages.
An attachment is a file that is sent with an e-mail message and can be opened by the recipient.
Summary (cont.)
You can reply to an e-mail message, forward a message to a new recipient, delete a message, or save a message.
Spam, or junk e-mail, consists of unsolicited messages that take up space in your Inbox unnecessarily.
Summary (cont.)
E-mail messages are organized in folders of incoming messages, sent messages, deleted messages, and junk e-mail.
You also can create additional folders to organize your own e-mail.
Special e-mail features let you add an automatic signature to messages, block messages from certain addresses, create personalized stationery for your messages, and set up an automatic response or forward your messages to another address.
Professional electronic communication requires courtesy and brevity.
Summary (cont.)
Always check that the spelling and grammar is correct and that the message is being sent to the intended recipient(s).
The Contacts folder is designed to store information about business and personal contacts with whom you often communicate.
Summary (cont.)
You can create address cards that hold information such as name, address, phone number, e-mail address, and so on.
Address cards are listed in alphabetical order in the Contacts folder.
Other forms of electronic communication are available, such as instant messaging, which allow you to send messages in real time.
a network
Message broken down into packets
Messages can travel thousands of miles in less than a minute.
Electronic Mail (cont.)
E-mail access
Internet service providers
Wireless
Cell phones/handheld computers
Microsoft Outlook
Provides the following tasks:
Calendar
Contacts
The default task is Mail.
Microsoft Outlook Screen
Setting up an E-Mail Account
Free e-mail accounts
http://mail.yahoo.com/
http://hotmail.com
Use Outlook’s Inbox to receive mail.
E-Mail Addresses
E-mail addresses consist of three parts
User name of the individual
“@” symbol
User’s domain name
Example
dedwards@msn.com
Starting Outlook
Checking for and reading mail
Outlook sends a request to the mail server to check for new mail.
The number of new messages display in parentheses in the Mail pane.
Click the message header to display the message.
Creating and Sending a Message
Click New to display the Untitled Message dialog box.
Enter e-mail or e-mail addresses.
Type a subject in the Subject text box.
Type your message.
Click the Send button.
Message Dialog Box
Receiving, Opening, and Saving
a Message
Click the Send/Receive button.
Message is received in the Inbox
Click the message header to read the message.
Click File on the menu bar and then select the Save As command to save as a text file, HTML document, or template.
Replying to and Formatting
a Message
Select the message.
Click the Reply or Reply to All button.
Format the message.
Change font type, font size, and text color
Add bold, italics, and underline
Center
Attach a File to an E-Mail Message
Attachments
Documents, figures, and other files
Click File on the menu bar.
Click Insert.
Locate the file on your computer.
Click the Insert button.
E-Mail Troubleshooting
Return message indicates mail cannot be sent
Attachment size may be limited
E-mail address incorrect
Mail server down
Other technical problems
Organizing and Managing E-Mail
Managing the Inbox
Forwarding a message
Saving a message
Deleting a message
Message icons
Provide clues about the message
A sealed envelope indicates the message has not been opened.
A paperclip indicates an attachment.
Special E-Mail Features
Most e-mail programs contain a variety of features.
Automatic “out of office” response
Forwarding
Block Senders List
Save Senders List
Adding Signature and Stationery
You can change backgrounds through the Options dialog box.
You can create a signature that automatically is added to the end of your messages.
Options Dialog Box
Flagging
Flag Status column
Located to the right of the message heading
Six different colors
Use flags for reminder notices or other indicators.
Sorting
Sort messages by any of the following methods:
Flag color
Date
Type
Subject
Encoding or Encrypting E-Mail
Scrambling the message
Requires certificates for digital signing and encryption
Address Book
The address book is available through Outlook’s Contact feature.
Outlook creates an Address card for each contact.
Cards are arranged in alphabetical order.
To add a new contact, click the New button.
To delete a contact, right click the name and select Delete from the shortcut menu.
Contact Information
Professional Communication
Proofread your message.
Limit your use of emoticons.
Keep your message short and to the point.
Limit each message to a single subject.
Double-check the address.
E-mail sent through company networks is not private.
Use an appropriate mail format.
Other Features
Calendar
Used to track appointments
Tasks
Used to organize task information
Other Forms of Electronic Communications
Instant messaging
Send messages in real time
Set up through the Options dialog box
Microsoft Outlook includes features to manage appointments, tasks, and e-mail.
The Outlook bar displays shortcuts that give you quick access to each of the Outlook folders.
Electronic mail is similar to regular mail because it requires an address, a message, and a carrier to get it from the sender to the receiver.
E-mail messages are broken into smaller portions of electronic data called packets, which are sent independently and then reorganized into the original message.
Wireless communications makes it possible to send and receive e-mail using a handheld computer or cell phone with e-mail capabilities.
You can access e-mail on a computer using a program like Microsoft Outlook, or you can send and receive e-mail messages using a Web site with a built-in e-mail program, such as America Online or Hotmail.
E-mail addresses consist of three parts: the user name, the “@” symbol, and the domain name.
An e-mail message header includes the address of the recipient, the subject of the message, and information about to whom the message is sent as a copy.
You can use the Inbox folder in Outlook to send and receive e-mail messages.
An attachment is a file that is sent with an e-mail message and can be opened by the recipient.
Summary (cont.)
You can reply to an e-mail message, forward a message to a new recipient, delete a message, or save a message.
Spam, or junk e-mail, consists of unsolicited messages that take up space in your Inbox unnecessarily.
Summary (cont.)
E-mail messages are organized in folders of incoming messages, sent messages, deleted messages, and junk e-mail.
You also can create additional folders to organize your own e-mail.
Special e-mail features let you add an automatic signature to messages, block messages from certain addresses, create personalized stationery for your messages, and set up an automatic response or forward your messages to another address.
Professional electronic communication requires courtesy and brevity.
Summary (cont.)
Always check that the spelling and grammar is correct and that the message is being sent to the intended recipient(s).
The Contacts folder is designed to store information about business and personal contacts with whom you often communicate.
Summary (cont.)
You can create address cards that hold information such as name, address, phone number, e-mail address, and so on.
Address cards are listed in alphabetical order in the Contacts folder.
Other forms of electronic communication are available, such as instant messaging, which allow you to send messages in real time.
How a computer process data?
Computer Systems
A computer system requires many components to do its job:
It requires some device or method to input data so it can be processed.
It requires circuit boards and programs to process the data.
It needs some type of output device to display the result of its processing.
It needs some mechanism for storing data.
Common System Components
This figure shows several devices that are common components of a computer system.
System Motherboard
The motherboard contains the electronic circuitry of the computer.
Components found on the motherboard include:
The primary processing chip (CPU)
The memory chips
Expansion slots for system interface cards
Ports for connecting external devices
BIOS chips that control system startup
The circuitry that enables all of these components to communicate
The Central Processing Unit
The CPU is the brains of a computer system.
The CPU is housed on a silicon chip that contains millions of switches and circuits.
The CPU has two primary sections:
Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)
o This section performs arithmetic and logical operations.
Control unit
o This section is the boss of the CPU and coordinates all activity within the CPU.
o It uses programming instructions to control what actions the CPU performs and when it performs them.
The CPU determines which of the millions of switches that it contains should be turned on or off by processing program statements that tell it what to do.
Computer programs are written in programming languages.
Each program statement causes one or more actions to occur in the CPU.
Computer Memory
Data being processed by a CPU is stored in system memory.
Memory consists of addressable locations within the machine that the computer can access directly.
Data stored in memory is volatile.
o If the power fails, everything in memory is lost.
Data must be stored on a disk or some other device when not being processed so it is not lost each time the computer shuts down.
Types of Memory
RAM—Random Access Memory
o RAM is short-term memory in which data is processed while a program is running.
o Data stored here can be accessed and modified as needed.
o This type of memory loses any data it holds if the computer is shut down.
o
ROM—Read-Only Memory
o ROM is memory placed on the motherboard by the manufacturer and contains instructions that tell the computer how to start itself.
o This data cannot be accessed or modified by application programs.
o The contents of this memory are not lost when the computer is shut down.
The Machine Cycle
The instruction cycle and one or more execution cycles create a machine cycle.
Machine cycles are measured in microseconds.
The faster your computer can process machine cycles, the faster it can process data.
The instruction cycle is the amount of time required to read and decode the instruction.
The execution cycle is the amount of time required to execute the instruction and store the results.
Computer System Controllers
A PC motherboard contains several controllers.
Controllers are devices that control the transfer of data between the computer and peripheral devices.
Common peripheral devices include a mouse, monitor, printer, keyboard, and so on.
Controllers usually are found on a single chip that can handle all common devices.
Ports
Serial and parallel ports are used to connect peripheral devices to the computer circuitry.
o Serial devices (mice/monitors) transmit data one bit at a time.
o Parallel devices (printers) transmit data several bits at time.
USB is a newer, high-speed method of connecting devices and is beginning to replace serial and parallel ports.
o USB can connect up to 127 external devices.
Firewire is another high-speed method.
o Firewire can connect up to 63 external devices.
Expansion Slots
Expansion slots are electrical connections in the motherboard that can accept circuit cards to perform specific functions.
These commonly are used to plug in sound cards, video cards, scanners, and other devices.
Data Representation
Data is stored in a computer in binary format as a series of 1s and 0s.
Computers use standardized coding systems (such as ASCII) to determine what character or number is represented by what series of binary digits.
Data is stored in a series of 8-bit combinations called a byte.
Every letter, number, punctuation mark, or symbol has its own unique combination of 1s and 0s.
Just about all computers perform the same general options: input, processing, output, and storage.
Input, output, and processing devices grouped together represent a computer system.
The motherboard is the center of all processing.
The motherboard contains the CPU, memory, and basic controllers for the system.
The motherboard also contains ports and expansion slots.
The central processing unit is the brains of the computer.
The computer is given instructions through computer programs.
The CPU has two main sections—the arithmetic logic unit and the control unit.
All calculations and comparisons take place in the ALU.
The control unit coordinates the CPU activities.
The motherboard contains different types of memory.
The machine cycle is made up of the instruction cycle and the execution cycle.
Random access memory is volatile and is used to store instructions, data, and information temporarily.
Read-only memory is nonvolatile and is used to store permanent instructions needed for computer operations.
A controller is used to control the transfer of data between the computer and peripheral devices.
Expansion slots contain expansion boards.
Expansion boards are used to connect specialized peripheral devices or to add more memory to the computer.
Peripheral devices are connected to the computer through serial and parallel ports.
The Universal Serial Bus is a newer standard expected to replace serial and parallel ports.
FireWire is a type of external bus that can connect up to 63 external devices.
SCSI, IrDA, and Bluetooth are special-purpose ports.
The ASCII and EBCDIC codes are standard codes used to represent the alphabet, numbers, symbols, and punctuation marks.
A computer system requires many components to do its job:
It requires some device or method to input data so it can be processed.
It requires circuit boards and programs to process the data.
It needs some type of output device to display the result of its processing.
It needs some mechanism for storing data.
Common System Components
This figure shows several devices that are common components of a computer system.
System Motherboard
The motherboard contains the electronic circuitry of the computer.
Components found on the motherboard include:
The primary processing chip (CPU)
The memory chips
Expansion slots for system interface cards
Ports for connecting external devices
BIOS chips that control system startup
The circuitry that enables all of these components to communicate
The Central Processing Unit
The CPU is the brains of a computer system.
The CPU is housed on a silicon chip that contains millions of switches and circuits.
The CPU has two primary sections:
Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)
o This section performs arithmetic and logical operations.
Control unit
o This section is the boss of the CPU and coordinates all activity within the CPU.
o It uses programming instructions to control what actions the CPU performs and when it performs them.
The CPU determines which of the millions of switches that it contains should be turned on or off by processing program statements that tell it what to do.
Computer programs are written in programming languages.
Each program statement causes one or more actions to occur in the CPU.
Computer Memory
Data being processed by a CPU is stored in system memory.
Memory consists of addressable locations within the machine that the computer can access directly.
Data stored in memory is volatile.
o If the power fails, everything in memory is lost.
Data must be stored on a disk or some other device when not being processed so it is not lost each time the computer shuts down.
Types of Memory
RAM—Random Access Memory
o RAM is short-term memory in which data is processed while a program is running.
o Data stored here can be accessed and modified as needed.
o This type of memory loses any data it holds if the computer is shut down.
o
ROM—Read-Only Memory
o ROM is memory placed on the motherboard by the manufacturer and contains instructions that tell the computer how to start itself.
o This data cannot be accessed or modified by application programs.
o The contents of this memory are not lost when the computer is shut down.
The Machine Cycle
The instruction cycle and one or more execution cycles create a machine cycle.
Machine cycles are measured in microseconds.
The faster your computer can process machine cycles, the faster it can process data.
The instruction cycle is the amount of time required to read and decode the instruction.
The execution cycle is the amount of time required to execute the instruction and store the results.
Computer System Controllers
A PC motherboard contains several controllers.
Controllers are devices that control the transfer of data between the computer and peripheral devices.
Common peripheral devices include a mouse, monitor, printer, keyboard, and so on.
Controllers usually are found on a single chip that can handle all common devices.
Ports
Serial and parallel ports are used to connect peripheral devices to the computer circuitry.
o Serial devices (mice/monitors) transmit data one bit at a time.
o Parallel devices (printers) transmit data several bits at time.
USB is a newer, high-speed method of connecting devices and is beginning to replace serial and parallel ports.
o USB can connect up to 127 external devices.
Firewire is another high-speed method.
o Firewire can connect up to 63 external devices.
Expansion Slots
Expansion slots are electrical connections in the motherboard that can accept circuit cards to perform specific functions.
These commonly are used to plug in sound cards, video cards, scanners, and other devices.
Data Representation
Data is stored in a computer in binary format as a series of 1s and 0s.
Computers use standardized coding systems (such as ASCII) to determine what character or number is represented by what series of binary digits.
Data is stored in a series of 8-bit combinations called a byte.
Every letter, number, punctuation mark, or symbol has its own unique combination of 1s and 0s.
Just about all computers perform the same general options: input, processing, output, and storage.
Input, output, and processing devices grouped together represent a computer system.
The motherboard is the center of all processing.
The motherboard contains the CPU, memory, and basic controllers for the system.
The motherboard also contains ports and expansion slots.
The central processing unit is the brains of the computer.
The computer is given instructions through computer programs.
The CPU has two main sections—the arithmetic logic unit and the control unit.
All calculations and comparisons take place in the ALU.
The control unit coordinates the CPU activities.
The motherboard contains different types of memory.
The machine cycle is made up of the instruction cycle and the execution cycle.
Random access memory is volatile and is used to store instructions, data, and information temporarily.
Read-only memory is nonvolatile and is used to store permanent instructions needed for computer operations.
A controller is used to control the transfer of data between the computer and peripheral devices.
Expansion slots contain expansion boards.
Expansion boards are used to connect specialized peripheral devices or to add more memory to the computer.
Peripheral devices are connected to the computer through serial and parallel ports.
The Universal Serial Bus is a newer standard expected to replace serial and parallel ports.
FireWire is a type of external bus that can connect up to 63 external devices.
SCSI, IrDA, and Bluetooth are special-purpose ports.
The ASCII and EBCDIC codes are standard codes used to represent the alphabet, numbers, symbols, and punctuation marks.
Understanding Computers and Computer Literacy
Computers are considered one of the most important conventions of the 20th century.
Their widespread use affects us individually and as a society.
The first computers were developed in the late 1940s and early 1950s.
In 1971, Dr. Ted Hoff developed the microprocessor.
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak built the first Apple computer in 1976.
What Is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic device that:
Receives data (input)
Processes the data it receives
Stores the data in memory or on some storage device, such as a disk or CD
Outputs information on a device, such as a monitor or printer
Communicates with other computer/devices
What Is a Computer System?
A computer system includes hardware, software, data, information, and people.
Hardware: The machine including the wires, transistors, and so on
Software: Instructions or programs that control the computer
Data: Text, numbers, sound, images, video
Information: Output
People: Users of the computer
Are Computers Intelligent?
As complex as some computers may be, they all essentially perform two operations:
Arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
Logical operations, such as comparing two values and taking some action based on the result of the comparison
Greater than, less than, or equal to
What Makes a Computer So Powerful?
Although computers perform only basic operations, they
Perform those functions very quickly
Produce accurate and reliable results
Store large amounts of data
Provide versatility through various applications
Share resources with other computers
Are becoming more powerful and easier to use
Classifying Computers
Two categories of computers:
Special purpose
o Used to control devices, such as radar detection or a microwave oven
General purpose
o Five categories based on size, function, cost, and performance
General-Purpose Computers
Desktop: Personal computer in which all components fit on or under a desk
Mobile: Personal computers, such as notebook computers and tablet PCs
Mid-range server: Used by medium-sized companies; generally supports hundreds of users
Mainframes: Large, very expensive machines that can support thousands of users; used by large corporations
Supercomputers: Used for specialized operations requiring mathematical operations
Types of Personal Computers
* Palmtop
* Desktop
* Laptop
Computer Software
Two basic types
Application: Performs specific tasks for users (example: word processing)
System: Software that controls the computer’s operating system (example: Microsoft Windows)
Electronic Communications
Electronic communication is the technology that allows computers to talk to each other and to other devices.
The four components of electronic communication are:
Sender: The computer sending a message
Receiver: The computer receiving the message
Channel: The media that carries the message
Protocol: The rules that govern the processing of a message between computers
Electronic Communication Components
Network Systems
A network consists of multiple computers connected to each other to share data and resources.
Data and software programs usually are stored on a central computer called a server.
When network computers are located in the same general area, such as the same building or a department, it is called a local area network.
A Typical Network Layout
Other Types of Networks
Some other types of networks in common use today are as follows:
Intranet: This is a network that may be set up for employees of a business or students at a university that is not accessible to users outside of those institutions.
Extranet: This typically is an intranet that allows certain users, such as suppliers or customers, to access the internal network.
The Internet
The Internet evolved from a government research project that enabled the military and scientists around the world to share information.
Today, it is the largest network in the world.
Millions of people use it daily.
It is a critical and valuable business tool used by businesses of all sizes.
Technology for Everyday Life
Examples of the ways in which our lives are affected by computers daily:
Electronic security systems
Games
Government research operations
Computerized appliances
Computers in Our Future
Computers of the future will be
Less expensive
More powerful
More people will work from home.
Wireless devices will be commonplace.
Computers have been around for more than 60 years.
A computer is an electronic device that receives data, processes data, and produces information.
A computer derives its power from its speed, reliability, accuracy, storage, and communications capability.
Computer classifications include personal computers (desktop and notebook), mobile devices, mid-range servers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
The two basic types of software are application software and system software.
Electronic communications enable computers to communicate with each other and other devices.
A network is a group of two or more connected computers, an intranet is a closed network within an organization, and an extranet is a closed network for an organization and its customers and suppliers.
The Internet is the world’s largest network.
Computers and technology affect almost every facet of our daily lives.
Computers in our future will be more powerful and less expensive.
Computer literacy is the ability to use a computer and its software to accomplish practical tasks.
Their widespread use affects us individually and as a society.
The first computers were developed in the late 1940s and early 1950s.
In 1971, Dr. Ted Hoff developed the microprocessor.
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak built the first Apple computer in 1976.
What Is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic device that:
Receives data (input)
Processes the data it receives
Stores the data in memory or on some storage device, such as a disk or CD
Outputs information on a device, such as a monitor or printer
Communicates with other computer/devices
What Is a Computer System?
A computer system includes hardware, software, data, information, and people.
Hardware: The machine including the wires, transistors, and so on
Software: Instructions or programs that control the computer
Data: Text, numbers, sound, images, video
Information: Output
People: Users of the computer
Are Computers Intelligent?
As complex as some computers may be, they all essentially perform two operations:
Arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
Logical operations, such as comparing two values and taking some action based on the result of the comparison
Greater than, less than, or equal to
What Makes a Computer So Powerful?
Although computers perform only basic operations, they
Perform those functions very quickly
Produce accurate and reliable results
Store large amounts of data
Provide versatility through various applications
Share resources with other computers
Are becoming more powerful and easier to use
Classifying Computers
Two categories of computers:
Special purpose
o Used to control devices, such as radar detection or a microwave oven
General purpose
o Five categories based on size, function, cost, and performance
General-Purpose Computers
Desktop: Personal computer in which all components fit on or under a desk
Mobile: Personal computers, such as notebook computers and tablet PCs
Mid-range server: Used by medium-sized companies; generally supports hundreds of users
Mainframes: Large, very expensive machines that can support thousands of users; used by large corporations
Supercomputers: Used for specialized operations requiring mathematical operations
Types of Personal Computers
* Palmtop
* Desktop
* Laptop
Computer Software
Two basic types
Application: Performs specific tasks for users (example: word processing)
System: Software that controls the computer’s operating system (example: Microsoft Windows)
Electronic Communications
Electronic communication is the technology that allows computers to talk to each other and to other devices.
The four components of electronic communication are:
Sender: The computer sending a message
Receiver: The computer receiving the message
Channel: The media that carries the message
Protocol: The rules that govern the processing of a message between computers
Electronic Communication Components
Network Systems
A network consists of multiple computers connected to each other to share data and resources.
Data and software programs usually are stored on a central computer called a server.
When network computers are located in the same general area, such as the same building or a department, it is called a local area network.
A Typical Network Layout
Other Types of Networks
Some other types of networks in common use today are as follows:
Intranet: This is a network that may be set up for employees of a business or students at a university that is not accessible to users outside of those institutions.
Extranet: This typically is an intranet that allows certain users, such as suppliers or customers, to access the internal network.
The Internet
The Internet evolved from a government research project that enabled the military and scientists around the world to share information.
Today, it is the largest network in the world.
Millions of people use it daily.
It is a critical and valuable business tool used by businesses of all sizes.
Technology for Everyday Life
Examples of the ways in which our lives are affected by computers daily:
Electronic security systems
Games
Government research operations
Computerized appliances
Computers in Our Future
Computers of the future will be
Less expensive
More powerful
More people will work from home.
Wireless devices will be commonplace.
Computers have been around for more than 60 years.
A computer is an electronic device that receives data, processes data, and produces information.
A computer derives its power from its speed, reliability, accuracy, storage, and communications capability.
Computer classifications include personal computers (desktop and notebook), mobile devices, mid-range servers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
The two basic types of software are application software and system software.
Electronic communications enable computers to communicate with each other and other devices.
A network is a group of two or more connected computers, an intranet is a closed network within an organization, and an extranet is a closed network for an organization and its customers and suppliers.
The Internet is the world’s largest network.
Computers and technology affect almost every facet of our daily lives.
Computers in our future will be more powerful and less expensive.
Computer literacy is the ability to use a computer and its software to accomplish practical tasks.
Windows and File Management
File Management Defined
File management: The process of organizing and managing your files
o Files: Can contain text documents, program files, images, or other file types
o Folders: A container used to organize and store files
o Disks: Media containing files and folders
My Computer Window
Right pane contains two document: folders and a list of storage media
Thumbnails view
Left pane contains: Systems Tasks and Other Places links
Displaying Files and Folders
Use the View menu
o Arrange in Groups
o Thumbnails
o Tiles
o Icons
o List
o Details
o Filmstrip
Files and Folders
Folders store files.
Filenames can have up to 255 characters.
Filenames also have a three-character extension.
Renaming a File or Folder
Four options:
Click the folder or file to select it, click Rename this folder (or Rename this file) in the File and Folder Tasks pane, and then type the new name in the text box.
Click the folder or file to select it, press the F2 key, and then type the new name in the text box.
Click the folder or file to select it, choose Rename on the File menu, and then type the new name in the text box.
Right-click the folder or file, choose Rename on the shortcut menu, and then type the new name in the text box.
Deleting a File or Folder
Four options:
Click the file or folder to select it, and then select Delete this folder (or Delete this file) from the File and Folder Tasks pane.
Click the file or folder to select it, and then select Delete on the File menu.
Right-click the folder name, and then click Delete on the shortcut menu.
Click the folder to select it, and then press the Delete key.
Windows Explorer
Selecting files
Single file
Group of files
Copying Files and Folders
Source
o File/folder to be copied
Destination
o Location where copied file/folder will reside
Moving files and folders
Source
o Original location
Destination
o New location
Expanding/Collapsing Drives and Folders
Windows Help and Support
Click Help and Support on the Start menu.
My Computer is a file management program.
Folders are used to store and organize files on a disk.
My Computer’s View menu lets you control how files and folders are displayed in the Contents pane.
The viewing options are Arrange in Groups, Thumbnails, Tiles, Icons, List, Details, and Filmstrip.
In the Folders pane, you can collapse to hide folders and subfolders or expand to display folders at all levels.
Filenames can have up to 255 characters.
Filenames include a three-character extension, which identifies the application in which the file was created.
Once a file or folder is deleted from a floppy disk or other removable media, it is gone forever.
If you delete a file or folder from a hard disk, it is placed in the Recycle Bin where it can be recovered.
You can rename a file or folder in My Computer. You also can move and copy files and folders.
The Windows Explorer window is another option that you can use to select, copy, and move folders and files.
The Help and Support Center feature provides assistance and information on Windows features and programs.
Operating Systems and Software
Hardware vs. Software
Computer systems consist of both hardware and software.
Hardware refers to anything you can physically touch.
o Keyboards, mice, monitors, and motherboards are all hardware.
Software consists of the instructions issued to the computer to perform specific tasks.
o The software on a computer system refers to the programs that make the computer run.
Types of Software
Two types of software are applications software and systems software.
o Applications software consists of programs to perform a specific task.
o Systems software consists of the operating system and all utility programs that are used to manage computer system resources.
Applications Software
Applications software is also called productivity software.
It allows an end user to perform some task.
The most commonly used categories of applications software are
o Word-processing programs
o Spreadsheet software
o Database software
o Presentation software
o Desktop publishing programs
o Games
Systems Software
Systems software consists of programs that coordinate and control the resources and operations of the computer itself.
The three categories of systems software are
Operating systems
Utility programs
Language translators
Systems Software—Operating Systems
Operating systems provide an interface between the user and the computer.
Many brands and versions of operating systems exist.
Operating systems are designed to work with a specific processor chip.
For example, Windows operating systems are designed to work with an Intel processor (or clone) and usually will not work on a Macintosh computer.
Systems Software—Utilities
Utility programs are designed to help perform housekeeping chores for the computer.
They can be designed to
o Manage the computer’s resources
o Do file management
o Format disks
o Copy files from one disk to another
o Back up data to disk or tape
Common Utility Programs
Systems Software—Language Translators
Computers cannot read program statements in programming language format, such as Visual Basic or Java program statements.
Language translator programs convert English-like software programs into machine code that can be understood by the computer.
Each converted English-like instruction may be translated into many machine code instructions.
Once converted to machine code, the program can be run and executed by the computer.
Microcomputer Operating System Interfaces
The operating system user interface
o It is the part of the operating system with which you interact when using your computer.
The two most commonly used types of operating system interfaces are:
Command-line interface: With this interface, you must type exact commands into the computer from a command prompt.
o This is not a user-friendly interface, and you must memorize commands and keywords.
Graphical user interface: Users manipulate on-screen icons to perform functions, usually with a mouse or other pointing device.
User Interface Comparison
The figure on the left shows a command-line interface, where commands are typed at the prompt.
The figure on the right is a graphical user interface (GUI), where users perform actions by clicking and manipulating icons.
Microcomputer Operating Systems
If your computer is a Macintosh, you most likely are using a Mac OS.
o Macintosh computers used one of the first GUI operating systems ever developed.
If your computer is a PC or is PC-compatible, you most likely are using one of these operating systems:
o DOS
o A combination of DOS and Windows
o A stand-alone version of Windows
The Mac OS
Macintosh computers were developed by Apple Computer.
Macintosh had one of the first GUI operating systems in which icons were used to represent programs and files.
To activate an icon, the user clicked it with the mouse.
This was also the first operating system to provide an on-screen help system.
The DOS Operating System
IBM introduced its first PC in 1981. Its operating system was called DOS, which stands for Disk Operating System.
IBM called it PC-DOS.
The operating system was licensed from its creator, Microsoft, who sold it under the name MS-DOS.
DOS was a command-line interface operating system in which the user had to enter commands at a screen prompt.
It was a single-tasking operating system, which meant that only one program at a time could be executed.
The Windows Operating System
Windows was Microsoft’s first GUI operating system, released in 1987.
The first versions were called operating environments because they acted as a shell around the DOS operating system and worked in combination with DOS.
Applications installed on a Windows system appeared as icons.
As with the Mac OS, the user activated a Windows program by clicking the icon.
Windows Versions
The earliest versions of Windows were labeled Windows 3.0, 3.1, and so forth.
The first true multitasking version of Windows was Windows 95.
This version also included support for networking computers.
Windows 98 improved on Windows 95 and offered Internet integration and support for the USB bus.
Windows 2000 was an update to Windows 98 and Windows NT. It included tools for Web site creation.
The latest version is Windows XP, which provides increased stability and device recognition.
Macintosh vs. Windows User Interface
The image on the left is an example of a Macintosh interface.
The image on the right is the Windows XP interface.
Embedded Operating Systems
Used on handheld and wireless devices
Three most popular systems are
Windows CE
Windows Mobile
Palm OS
The UNIX Operating System
UNIX is another early operating system that is still widely used today.
o It was developed by AT&T as part of their phone-switching system.
o It was developed to be a portable operating system.
That means it was meant to run on any hardware platform.
o It is a command-line interface system, although there are now several GUI interface products available for UNIX and Linux.
A UNIX System
Linux offers a graphical user interface shell for a UNIX operating system, as shown here. This provides greater ease of use while taking full advantage of UNIX’s speed and reliability.
Loading the Operating System
Booting is the process of starting your computer.
o The BIOS is activated.
o BIOS searches for the boot record.
o The boot record is loaded into RAM.
o The software drivers are loaded.
o The operating system (GUI) is loaded.
Computer systems consist of both hardware and software.
Hardware refers to anything you can physically touch.
o Keyboards, mice, monitors, and motherboards are all hardware.
Software consists of the instructions issued to the computer to perform specific tasks.
o The software on a computer system refers to the programs that make the computer run.
Types of Software
Two types of software are applications software and systems software.
o Applications software consists of programs to perform a specific task.
o Systems software consists of the operating system and all utility programs that are used to manage computer system resources.
Applications Software
Applications software is also called productivity software.
It allows an end user to perform some task.
The most commonly used categories of applications software are
o Word-processing programs
o Spreadsheet software
o Database software
o Presentation software
o Desktop publishing programs
o Games
Systems Software
Systems software consists of programs that coordinate and control the resources and operations of the computer itself.
The three categories of systems software are
Operating systems
Utility programs
Language translators
Systems Software—Operating Systems
Operating systems provide an interface between the user and the computer.
Many brands and versions of operating systems exist.
Operating systems are designed to work with a specific processor chip.
For example, Windows operating systems are designed to work with an Intel processor (or clone) and usually will not work on a Macintosh computer.
Systems Software—Utilities
Utility programs are designed to help perform housekeeping chores for the computer.
They can be designed to
o Manage the computer’s resources
o Do file management
o Format disks
o Copy files from one disk to another
o Back up data to disk or tape
Common Utility Programs
Systems Software—Language Translators
Computers cannot read program statements in programming language format, such as Visual Basic or Java program statements.
Language translator programs convert English-like software programs into machine code that can be understood by the computer.
Each converted English-like instruction may be translated into many machine code instructions.
Once converted to machine code, the program can be run and executed by the computer.
Microcomputer Operating System Interfaces
The operating system user interface
o It is the part of the operating system with which you interact when using your computer.
The two most commonly used types of operating system interfaces are:
Command-line interface: With this interface, you must type exact commands into the computer from a command prompt.
o This is not a user-friendly interface, and you must memorize commands and keywords.
Graphical user interface: Users manipulate on-screen icons to perform functions, usually with a mouse or other pointing device.
User Interface Comparison
The figure on the left shows a command-line interface, where commands are typed at the prompt.
The figure on the right is a graphical user interface (GUI), where users perform actions by clicking and manipulating icons.
Microcomputer Operating Systems
If your computer is a Macintosh, you most likely are using a Mac OS.
o Macintosh computers used one of the first GUI operating systems ever developed.
If your computer is a PC or is PC-compatible, you most likely are using one of these operating systems:
o DOS
o A combination of DOS and Windows
o A stand-alone version of Windows
The Mac OS
Macintosh computers were developed by Apple Computer.
Macintosh had one of the first GUI operating systems in which icons were used to represent programs and files.
To activate an icon, the user clicked it with the mouse.
This was also the first operating system to provide an on-screen help system.
The DOS Operating System
IBM introduced its first PC in 1981. Its operating system was called DOS, which stands for Disk Operating System.
IBM called it PC-DOS.
The operating system was licensed from its creator, Microsoft, who sold it under the name MS-DOS.
DOS was a command-line interface operating system in which the user had to enter commands at a screen prompt.
It was a single-tasking operating system, which meant that only one program at a time could be executed.
The Windows Operating System
Windows was Microsoft’s first GUI operating system, released in 1987.
The first versions were called operating environments because they acted as a shell around the DOS operating system and worked in combination with DOS.
Applications installed on a Windows system appeared as icons.
As with the Mac OS, the user activated a Windows program by clicking the icon.
Windows Versions
The earliest versions of Windows were labeled Windows 3.0, 3.1, and so forth.
The first true multitasking version of Windows was Windows 95.
This version also included support for networking computers.
Windows 98 improved on Windows 95 and offered Internet integration and support for the USB bus.
Windows 2000 was an update to Windows 98 and Windows NT. It included tools for Web site creation.
The latest version is Windows XP, which provides increased stability and device recognition.
Macintosh vs. Windows User Interface
The image on the left is an example of a Macintosh interface.
The image on the right is the Windows XP interface.
Embedded Operating Systems
Used on handheld and wireless devices
Three most popular systems are
Windows CE
Windows Mobile
Palm OS
The UNIX Operating System
UNIX is another early operating system that is still widely used today.
o It was developed by AT&T as part of their phone-switching system.
o It was developed to be a portable operating system.
That means it was meant to run on any hardware platform.
o It is a command-line interface system, although there are now several GUI interface products available for UNIX and Linux.
A UNIX System
Linux offers a graphical user interface shell for a UNIX operating system, as shown here. This provides greater ease of use while taking full advantage of UNIX’s speed and reliability.
Loading the Operating System
Booting is the process of starting your computer.
o The BIOS is activated.
o BIOS searches for the boot record.
o The boot record is loaded into RAM.
o The software drivers are loaded.
o The operating system (GUI) is loaded.
Connecting I/O Devices to the Computer
Input and output devices must be connected to the computer before they can be used.
Plug the device into an existing socket or port on the back of the computer.
Install an expansion card with the port you need included on the back of the card.
Connect wireless.
Input devices enable you to input data and commands into the computer.
The most common input devices are the keyboard and mouse.
Other types of input devices include trackball, joystick and wheel, pointing stick, graphics tablet, touch display screen, stylus, voice recognition devices, touchpad, scanner, digital camera, video input, and biometric input.
To maintain a permanent copy of data, you should store it on some type of storage medium.
The three categories of storage media are magnetic storage, optical storage, and solid-state storage.
Monitors and printers are examples of output devices.
Monitors produce soft copy.
Printers are used to produce a paper or hard copy of the processed result.
Criteria for selecting a printer include speed, print quality, and cost.
Input and output devices must be physically connected to the computer.
Some input devices communicate with the computer through a physical connection.
Wireless devices communicate with the computer through infrared or radio waves.
Input and Output Devices
Input devices enable a user to input data and commands to the computer to be processed.
Output devices enable the computer to give or show you the results of its processing.
Some devices can perform both input and output operations.
Input Devices—The Keyboard
o The keyboard is the most widely used input device.
o As you press keys on the keyboard, an electrical signal representing that key is sent to the computer.
Keyboards are divided into sections.
Typewriter keys: The standard alphabetic and numeric characters you would find on a typewriter
Function keys: Special keys that perform some specific function for the application being run
Numeric keypad: Used for mathematical operations
Directional keys: Used to move the cursor around the screen
Input Devices—The Mouse
The mouse is a pointing device that rolls around on a flat surface and controls the location of the pointer on the screen.
The mouse performs the following functions:
Pointing: Placing the on-screen pointer at a specific place
Clicking: Pressing and releasing the mouse button
Dragging: Holding down the mouse button and dragging an object to a new location by dragging the mouse
Double-clicking: Pressing and releasing the mouse button twice very quickly
Right-clicking: Pressing the right mouse button
Other Pointing Devices
Other devices that control the on-screen pointer:
Trackball: This is like a mouse turned upside down. You roll a ball around with your fingers to control the location of the pointer.
o These frequently are found on notebook computers.
Joystick and wheel: Joysticks consist of a metal or plastic handle mounted on a base that you can move in any direction to move the pointer or other object.
o These typically are used for video games.
o Most have buttons that can be pushed or clicked to control input/output.
Pointing stick: A pressure-sensitive device that resembles a pencil eraser; found mostly on notebook computers
Graphics tablet: A flat drawing surface connected to the computer
o The user draws on the surface, and the figures or writing on the tablet can be input to the computer for processing.
Touch display: Screens that contain pictures or shapes that the user can press to input that data
Stylus/digital pen: Used with mobile devices to input data
Touchpad: Used mostly in laptop/notebook computers
Audio/voice input: Inputting sound and/or voice
o These usually require a microphone and special voice recognition software to be installed on the computer.
Scanners: Devices that can convert a graphical image into a digital image and input it to the computer
o Types of scanners include
o Image scanners for scanning images and text
o Bar code scanners to read product bar codes
o Magnetic scanners to read the magnetic strip on a credit card
Digital cameras: Used to take pictures and store them on a magnetic disk instead of on film
o Their images can be input directly into the computer.
Video input: Input from a camcorder or VCR using video capture cards
Biometric input: Uses fingerprint, face, handwriting, and voice for identification
Magnetic Storage Devices
Floppy disks: Small, portable disks that hold a limited amount of data
Hard disks: Large-capacity and fast-access storage devices
Zip disks: Auxiliary storage devices that can hold large quantities of data and can be portable
Magnetic tape drives: Used for making system backups and storing large quantities of data
Optical Storage Devices
CD-DA: Audio CD
CD-R: This drive allows you to read and to write to a compact disk
CD-ROM: Can hold large amounts of data, but is read-only access
CD-RW: Can be written on several times
DVD-ROM: Read-only DVD format
DVD-R: Similar to CD, but holds more data; read-only
DVD-RW: Can be written on several times
PhotoCD: Used for storing digital photographs on a CD
Solid-State Storage Media
Non-volatile removable media
Miniature mobile media
Uses integrated circuits
USB flash drive
Connects to the computer via a USB port
Caring for Storage Media
To safeguard your data from damage, follow these tips when dealing with removable media:
Keep away from magnetic fields.
Avoid extreme temperatures.
Never try to disassemble the case.
Remove media from drive when not being used.
Tips for dealing with storage media (cont.)
Write-protect important data.
Hold optical disks at their edges.
Never remove the media from the drive if the access light is on.
Keep disks in a sturdy case when transporting them.
Output Devices—Monitors
Monitors are used to display video output to a user.
Monitors may be monochromatic or color.
Monochromatic monitors display output in a single-color display.
Factors that influence the quality of a monitor
Screen size: The diagonal measurement in inches of the display area
Resolution: The number of pixels that can be displayed in the display area
Dot pitch: The distance between each pixel in the display area
Typical Computer Monitor
A typical computer monitor on a swivel stand that can be adjusted for viewing comfort.
Output Devices—Printers
Printers are used to create a hard copy of a document or image.
Printers vary by speed, quality, and price.
The most popular types of printers are
Laser: Produce images using the same techniques as copier machines
Ink jet: Use fine nozzles to spray ink onto the page as the paper passes through
Dot matrix: Work similarly to a typewriter in that ink is transferred to the paper by some part of the printer striking a ribbon to transfer an image
Laser Printer
Ink Jet Printer
Other Types of Output Devices
Speakers and headsets
Fax machines and fax modems
Multifunctional devices
Contain a variation of output options
Data projectors
Plug the device into an existing socket or port on the back of the computer.
Install an expansion card with the port you need included on the back of the card.
Connect wireless.
Input devices enable you to input data and commands into the computer.
The most common input devices are the keyboard and mouse.
Other types of input devices include trackball, joystick and wheel, pointing stick, graphics tablet, touch display screen, stylus, voice recognition devices, touchpad, scanner, digital camera, video input, and biometric input.
To maintain a permanent copy of data, you should store it on some type of storage medium.
The three categories of storage media are magnetic storage, optical storage, and solid-state storage.
Monitors and printers are examples of output devices.
Monitors produce soft copy.
Printers are used to produce a paper or hard copy of the processed result.
Criteria for selecting a printer include speed, print quality, and cost.
Input and output devices must be physically connected to the computer.
Some input devices communicate with the computer through a physical connection.
Wireless devices communicate with the computer through infrared or radio waves.
Input and Output Devices
Input devices enable a user to input data and commands to the computer to be processed.
Output devices enable the computer to give or show you the results of its processing.
Some devices can perform both input and output operations.
Input Devices—The Keyboard
o The keyboard is the most widely used input device.
o As you press keys on the keyboard, an electrical signal representing that key is sent to the computer.
Keyboards are divided into sections.
Typewriter keys: The standard alphabetic and numeric characters you would find on a typewriter
Function keys: Special keys that perform some specific function for the application being run
Numeric keypad: Used for mathematical operations
Directional keys: Used to move the cursor around the screen
Input Devices—The Mouse
The mouse is a pointing device that rolls around on a flat surface and controls the location of the pointer on the screen.
The mouse performs the following functions:
Pointing: Placing the on-screen pointer at a specific place
Clicking: Pressing and releasing the mouse button
Dragging: Holding down the mouse button and dragging an object to a new location by dragging the mouse
Double-clicking: Pressing and releasing the mouse button twice very quickly
Right-clicking: Pressing the right mouse button
Other Pointing Devices
Other devices that control the on-screen pointer:
Trackball: This is like a mouse turned upside down. You roll a ball around with your fingers to control the location of the pointer.
o These frequently are found on notebook computers.
Joystick and wheel: Joysticks consist of a metal or plastic handle mounted on a base that you can move in any direction to move the pointer or other object.
o These typically are used for video games.
o Most have buttons that can be pushed or clicked to control input/output.
Pointing stick: A pressure-sensitive device that resembles a pencil eraser; found mostly on notebook computers
Graphics tablet: A flat drawing surface connected to the computer
o The user draws on the surface, and the figures or writing on the tablet can be input to the computer for processing.
Touch display: Screens that contain pictures or shapes that the user can press to input that data
Stylus/digital pen: Used with mobile devices to input data
Touchpad: Used mostly in laptop/notebook computers
Audio/voice input: Inputting sound and/or voice
o These usually require a microphone and special voice recognition software to be installed on the computer.
Scanners: Devices that can convert a graphical image into a digital image and input it to the computer
o Types of scanners include
o Image scanners for scanning images and text
o Bar code scanners to read product bar codes
o Magnetic scanners to read the magnetic strip on a credit card
Digital cameras: Used to take pictures and store them on a magnetic disk instead of on film
o Their images can be input directly into the computer.
Video input: Input from a camcorder or VCR using video capture cards
Biometric input: Uses fingerprint, face, handwriting, and voice for identification
Magnetic Storage Devices
Floppy disks: Small, portable disks that hold a limited amount of data
Hard disks: Large-capacity and fast-access storage devices
Zip disks: Auxiliary storage devices that can hold large quantities of data and can be portable
Magnetic tape drives: Used for making system backups and storing large quantities of data
Optical Storage Devices
CD-DA: Audio CD
CD-R: This drive allows you to read and to write to a compact disk
CD-ROM: Can hold large amounts of data, but is read-only access
CD-RW: Can be written on several times
DVD-ROM: Read-only DVD format
DVD-R: Similar to CD, but holds more data; read-only
DVD-RW: Can be written on several times
PhotoCD: Used for storing digital photographs on a CD
Solid-State Storage Media
Non-volatile removable media
Miniature mobile media
Uses integrated circuits
USB flash drive
Connects to the computer via a USB port
Caring for Storage Media
To safeguard your data from damage, follow these tips when dealing with removable media:
Keep away from magnetic fields.
Avoid extreme temperatures.
Never try to disassemble the case.
Remove media from drive when not being used.
Tips for dealing with storage media (cont.)
Write-protect important data.
Hold optical disks at their edges.
Never remove the media from the drive if the access light is on.
Keep disks in a sturdy case when transporting them.
Output Devices—Monitors
Monitors are used to display video output to a user.
Monitors may be monochromatic or color.
Monochromatic monitors display output in a single-color display.
Factors that influence the quality of a monitor
Screen size: The diagonal measurement in inches of the display area
Resolution: The number of pixels that can be displayed in the display area
Dot pitch: The distance between each pixel in the display area
Typical Computer Monitor
A typical computer monitor on a swivel stand that can be adjusted for viewing comfort.
Output Devices—Printers
Printers are used to create a hard copy of a document or image.
Printers vary by speed, quality, and price.
The most popular types of printers are
Laser: Produce images using the same techniques as copier machines
Ink jet: Use fine nozzles to spray ink onto the page as the paper passes through
Dot matrix: Work similarly to a typewriter in that ink is transferred to the paper by some part of the printer striking a ribbon to transfer an image
Laser Printer
Ink Jet Printer
Other Types of Output Devices
Speakers and headsets
Fax machines and fax modems
Multifunctional devices
Contain a variation of output options
Data projectors
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
Custom Search